The Use of Standardised and Non-Standardised Assessments in a Social S. Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar. Aldrich, R. M. (2011). With 30+ sites in Illinois, we may be closer than you think! The nature of human occupation and occupational performance. *Scores higher than .9 may indicate redundancy in the scale questions. Before their fieldwork, we asked students to create a dataset of all the patients they worked with over an 8 week time period during summer 2017. Establishing the overall validity of a test . There are some limitations to this study. (1995). Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 2, 64-75. Using an IADL assessment to identify older adults who need a behind-the-wheel driving evaluation. Transfers-Participation/ Restriction: Fristedt (2013) as reported above studied interrater and intrarater reliability. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 76, 1144-1151. doi: 10.1016/S0003-9993(95)80124-3. The results on their utility from this study were mixed but the general consensus was that although quick and easy to administer, the selected outcome measures did not help with discharge decision making or discharge planning. - Listen to Everyday Evidence: Patient Reported Outcome Measures by AOTA's Occupational Therapy Channel instantly on your tablet, phone or browser - no downloads needed. Scale 7. If this is an emergency, please dial 911. If practices, score must be cautiously interpreted, If client has never learned how to perform ADL task, there is a chance to learn and practice the ADL task before AMPS is completed, AMPS score forms are available in English, German, Spanish, French, Dutch, and Slovenian, Process scores below the 1.0 log-odd probability units (logit) scale indicate poorer process functioning, Motor scores below the 2.0 log-odd probability units (logit) scale indicate poorer motor functioning. "This book provides a comprehensive guide to the background, rationale and utilization of assessment and outcome measurement. Scott, F., Unsworth, C.A., Fricke, J., Taylor, N. (2006). The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the This site needs JavaScript to work properly. (2005a). The MDC (90%CI) has been calculated for 2 scales, from the data from Fristedt (2013) with 15 therapists rating 6 cases for Scale 7 (Self-Care), and 3 cases for Scale 5 (Transfers). The team uses this information to plan and implement occupation-based interventions, then reevaluate progress for enhanced ADL task performance. 2013 Sep;35(19):1636-46. doi: 10.3109/09638288.2012.748845. International Psychogeriatric Association, 11(4), 399-409. Self-Care and Scale 5 (Transfers) with 7 OTs rating 6 or 3 cases (respectively) with a range of conditions including: spinal cord injury, amputation, schizophrenia, hip replacement, muscle disease, and cancer. Typically outcome measures have a scoring system. Criterion approach: Allied health therapists: 1 point (Unsworth, 2015; n=30 (n=25 occupational therapists); Mean Age=71.52 (14.71); Participants most commonly had between 11 and 20 years experience in their respective disciplines (43.3%, n=13), with 30% (n=9) with 10 years experience or less and 20% (n=6) with 2130 years experience. Assessment of functional ability of people with Alzheimer's Disease. Carolyn Unsworth, Carolyn Unsworth. Detecting differences in activities of daily living between children with and without mild disabilities. . AM-PAC "6-Clicks" functional assessment scores predict acute care hospital discharge destination. Alison Laver-Fawcett, PhD, OT(C)), DipCOT, SROT currently Modernisation Manager, Service Development (Provider Services) and Interim Professional Lead for Occupational Therapy, North Yorkshire and York Primary Care Trust. A change of .5 to 1 point on any of the 4 domains of the AusTOMs-OT scale is considered clinically important. The Occupational Therapy Journal of Research, 19(3), 203-215. doi:10.1177/153944929901900303. Fisher, A. G. & Jones, K. B. Only three settings documented both baseline and final outcome measurement data. Two settings completed only baseline evaluations and one recorded only the baseline goals. EBRSR Review by ICF Occupational therapists must be committed to contributing to the evidence base related to the effectiveness of occupational therapy interventions and know how to select and apply valid and. This study addresses current gaps by first identifying standardised assessments used by occupational therapists with older adults to measure function and then appraising the measurement properties of each. London Cross-Cultural Validation of Health and Quality of Life Measures for Children in Hong Kong. . To continue reading, you must be a member. Philanthropic support truly drives our mission and vision. With the growing requirement to objectively measure impairments and utilize standardized measures to confirm patient changes, the ability to integrate and use outcome measures is a key skill necessary for today's successful practice. Clinical judgement and clinical reasoning. Perry, A., Morris, M., Unsworth, C., Duckett, S., Skeat, J., Dodd, K., Taylor, N. & Riley, K. (2004). Most participants had a primary diagnosis from one of the following five ICD-10 disorder codes: Disease of the Musculoskeletal System (ICD-10 code M), Disease of the Circulatory System (ICD-10 code I), Disease of the Nervous System (ICD-10 code G), Disease of the Respiratory System or Injury, Poisoning and Certain Other consequences of External Causes (ICD-10 code S). OT Practice Free Occupational Therapy Assessment Tools by Category February 19, 2021 Contents Hide 1 Cognition 2 ADLs 3 IADLs 4 Sleep 5 Health Management 6 Apraxia Cognition Kettle Test Short-Blessed Test Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) Glasgow Coma Scale Saint Louis University Mental Status (SLUMS) ADLs Therapists select from 12 function-focused scales that match client goals as follows: Each scale scores the client in relation to 4 domains: Each domain is scored on a 6-point scale from 0 (low) through to 5 (high) with half points possible (providing 11 possible scores for each domain). Dysarthria is a collective term referring to a group of movement disorders affecting the muscular control of speech. Both studies found that OTs used a wide range of standardized tests but not on a regular basis. The AMPS assesses the quality of the persons ADL performance by rating the effort, efficiency, safety, and independence of 16 ADL motor and 20 ADL process skill items. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Methods of data collection (e.g. La Trobe University, Melbourne. Become an occupational therapist brochure, Tips for your occupational therapy application, Degree Level Apprenticeship in Occupational Therapy, Join World Federation of Occupational Therapists (WFOT), Tax relief and insurance for RCOT members, Senior leadership team and member get togethers, RCOT SS - Children, Young People and Families, Becoming an independent practitioner (member stories), RCOT SS - People with Learning Disabilities, RCOT SS - Trauma and Musculoskeletal Health, NHS issues advice for private practitioners wanting to return to work in the NHS, Preparing your child for returning to school, Practice placements crucial for sustaining the workforce supply pipeline, Recovering from COVID-19: Post-viral fatigue and conserving energy guides, Preparing for a return to school - how occupational therapists can help, RCOT supporting and safeguarding members returning to work during the pandemic, Scope of practice things to consider during COVID-19, Your health and wellbeing during the COVID-19 crisis, Joint call for Personal Protective Equipment for AHPs and Social Care, Financial support announced for self-employed, Emergency Bill to strengthen COVID-19 response plans becomes law, Government issues ethical framework for Adult Social Cares response to COVID 19, Inspire future occupational therapists: #ChooseOT, Professional practice enquiries service - FAQs, American Journal of Occupational Therapy (AJOT), Australian Occupational Therapy Journal (AOTJ), Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy (CJOT). To meet the second aim, a narrative review methodology (Hawker et al., 2002) was selected.This allowed insights and conclusions to be drawn regarding the alignment between recovery processes and the identified outcome measures (Baumeister and Leary, 1997; Green et al., 2006) using a purpose . The 16 ADL motor skill items are divided into 4 domains (Body Position, Obtaining and Holding Objects, Moving Self and Objects, Sustaining Performance). Fristedt (2013) studied Scale 7. Benefits of applying standardised measures. This scoping review explored the definitions and measures used within occupational therapy quantitative intervention research to evaluate QOL as an outcome. The application of client-centred occupational therapy for Korean children with developmental disabilities. Physical & Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics, 24(4), 3350. Morris, M., Perry, A., Unsworth, C., Skeat, J., Taylor, N., Dodd, K., Duncombe., D., & Duckett, S. (2005). (2010). Reflective practice as a component of continuing professional development. and transmitted securely. Differences between persons with right or left cerebral vascular accident on the Assessment of Motor and Process. Rater reliability and internal scale and person response validity of the school assessment of motor and process skills. 106-114 Borough High Street The smallest observable action of an occupation performed is called performance skills. Unsworth, C.A. Results: No significant correlation in comparison of the amount of change detected by each instrument. Physical & Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics, 28(1), 3343. In spite of the short length of hospitalization in the acute care setting, OT practitioners play an integral role and collaborate closely with other health care team professionals, such as case managers, nurses, physical therapists, speech-language pathologists, and physicians, to start a successful rehabilitation process (AOTA, 2017). Toll-Free U.S. The review was completed by searching six databases using occupational therapy-related and QOL-related terms. Bjorkdahl, A., Nilsson, A. L., Grimby, G. & Sunnerhagen, K. S. (2006). Functional competence of community-dwelling persons with multiple sclerosis using the assessment of motor and process skills. Diagnostic reasoning and the therapy diagnosis. (2012). General systems theory and the hierarchy of living systems. A New Ecosystem of Scientific Sharing and What it Would Mean, Preprints and Trust in Peer Review: A Q&A With Alberto Pepe of Authorea, Re-Entering the Classroom in a Time of Trauma and Stress, Cultivating an Inclusive Learning Experience, Wiley "Stay the Course Grant" Winners Tell Their Stories, 4 Things to Consider When Choosing an Online Platform That's Right for You, Determine Your Organizations Digital Skills Level. Self-care 8. Transfers 6. Contact us at rehabmeasures@sralab.org or 312-238-2802. Assessment of motor and process skills. Chapter 8: Test administration, reporting and recording (Alison Laver Fawcett, PhD, DipCOT and Rachael Hargreaves, BSc(Hons) SROT). No age group had differences in logits for ADL motor ability larger than 1.96 SEM (+ 0.49), No significant difference between regions, Process scores below the 1.0 logit scale indicate higher need for assistance (sensitivity = .81, specificity = .7), Motor scores below the 1.5 logit scale indicate higher need for assistance (sensitivity = - .67, specificity = .72), Extensive literature review; filming and observation of wide range of ADL tasks; Rasch model, Acceptable goodness-of-fit of tasks, skill items and participants, Only one ADL item, Aligns, demonstrated differential item functioning (DIF), but did not result in differential test functioning (DTF), AMPS is free of cross-regional bias when used in middle Europe. Functional assessments used by occupational therapists with older adults at risk of activity and participation limitations: A systematic review. The use of outcome measures to demonstrate changes in patient's functional ability as well as evaluating service effectiveness is crucial for the profession to work in an evidence based practice manner. Chapter 1: The importance of accurate assessment and outcome measurement (Alison Laver Fawcett, PhD, DipCOT). The AMPS is designed to examine interplay between the person, the ADL task and the environment. Why should therapists use standardised tests? Two settings recorded only baseline evaluations and one recorded only the baseline goals. By not using standardized outcome measurement tools, the value and benefits of OT services, such as ADL and IADL training, patient and caregiver education, and training to use adapted equipment/assistive devices is anecdotal at best. Further research is needed to identify or develop outcome measures suited for use by OTs in acute inpatient hospital settings. This study is part of the devel- opment of a performance-based outcome assessment called the Spinal Cord Injury-Movement Index (SCI-MI). The success and effectiveness of occupational therapy services in improving clients' occupational performance and participation are demonstrated through outcomes. Accessibility Process of task performance as measured by the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS): A predictor of work-related outcomes or adults with schizophrenia? An official website of the United States government. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Skeat, J., Perry, A., Morris, M., Unsworth, C., Duckett, S., Dodd, K., Taylor, N. (2003). In this study, we retrospectively examined and analyzed datasets from occupational therapy students level two fieldwork experiences. (pp. Physiotherapy Canada, 66(3), 254-263. Factors that impact the use of outcome measures include: challenges selecting the appropriate outcome measure; too time consuming for patients to complete and difficult to complete independently, short length of stay, limited time for therapists to complete the evaluation, fast-paced and dynamic environment (different floors, different teams/members), timing problems where patients undergoing tests/procedures were off the floor, and patients were medically unstable at the time of the attempted/scheduled evaluation. Albert, S., Castillo-Castaneda, C., Sano, M., Jacobs, D., Marder, K., Bell, K et al. Outcomes are established using assessment tools and outcome performance measures. All rights reserved. Work, 37(1), 53-64. doi:10.3233/WOR-2010-1056, Kang, D.H., Yoo, E.Y., Chung, B.I., Jing, M.E., Chang, K.Y., Jeon, H.S. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 78(9), 570-575. La Trobe University, Melbourne. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 48(9)775-780. doi:10.5014/ajot.48.9.775, Poulin, V., KornerBitensky, N., & Dawson, D. R. (2013). Or Call Toll-Free Swedish Translation undertaken by Fristedt, S., Jonsson, L., Londos, Y., & Timen, E. Swedish Occupational Therapy Association, Stockholm, Sweden. The AMPS is designed to examine interplay between the person, the ADL task and the environment. & Fisher, A. Participants reported using AusTOMs OT frequently, with the most common responses being at least once a week (43.3%, n=13), least once a day (13.3%, n=9) and at least once a month (10%, n=3). Clients have a profile of scores for the 4 domains and scores are not summed. Labels used for providers and recipients of therapy services. The Need for Entrepreneurship in Sustainable Chemistry. A Young Scientist's Journey after a Stroke, Care by the Numbers: Skilled Nursing versus Inpatient Rehabilitation, WSJ: Recognizing Aphasia and Seeking Treatment, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab Ranked No. A review and critique of well-being in occupational therapy and occupational science. Training and interpreting standardised test scores. Older adults were defined as being 70 years or older to reflect the increase in life expectancy in western countries [ 15 ]. . Reflecting on the data collection methods you use in your practice. Arabic Translation undertaken by Awad, A. (1996). doi: 10.5014/ajot.2011.000547, Munkholm, M., Berg, B., Lofgren, B. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! OTs agree that they were unfamiliar with any standardized outcome measurement currently available that addressed the diversity of patients in acute care. The AMPS manual provides further information regarding detailed steps for AMPS administration, cultural activity considerations, situational circumstances that may impact administration, and additional information needed to properly administer the assessment. Download Product Flyer is to download PDF in new tab. Five outcome measures were used by the students: modified Functional Independence Measure (two settings), the Functional Independence Measure (one setting), the Boston University 6 click AM-PAC (one setting), the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (one setting), and self-reported goals by patients (one setting). Demonstrated concern for individuals from diverse backgrounds and their . Comparison of sensitivity to change from admission to discharge at inpatient rehabilitation: Scores below 2.0 logit for motor scale indicate increased need for assistance to live in the community (correct classification rate = 64%; n= 788), Scores below 1.0 logit for motor scale indicate increased need for assistance to live in the community (correct classification rate = 94%; n= 789), Although ideal values are MnSq = 1.0 and z = 0, MnsQ < 1.4 and z < 2 are used because the values are based on criteria to develop the AMPS, DIF (Differential Item Functionality) has no difference between regions if (-0.55) < logit < (0.55). Based on the current literature, there is significant variability in the use of standardized tools to measure OT outcomes at the time of discharge from the acute inpatient hospital. Outcome measures can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of our interventions and services by identifying whether change has occurred over time. Comparing statistical methods for evaluating reliability. 1-844-355-ABLE. Purpose. The relationship between the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS) and the Large Cognitive Level (LACL) test in clients with stroke. Mapping your current assessment and measurement process. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. World J Clin Cases. The .gov means its official. OTs have an interest in finding ways to increase accuracy in predicting discharge. Purpose. The COPM is a standardised measure. Description of the NCMRR five levels of Function / Dysfunction. Occupational therapy assessments used in acute physical care settings, Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 20(2), 127-135. The assessment of process and motor skills of persons with psychiatric disorders. 2019 Jan;26(1):1-8. doi: 10.1080/11038128.2017.1378715. Careers. United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand, Singapore, Sweden). Example reviews and critiques in journal articles. Quality of life in patients with Alzheimer's disease as reported by patient proxies. (2006). AusTOMs for Occupational Therapy (3rd ed.). Carols Individual Treatment Plans: Occupational Therapy. AusTOMs for Occupational Therapy. Methods: Chapter 9: Applying models of function to therapy assessment and measurement (Alison Laver Fawcett, PhD DipCOT and David Jelley). The influence of environment upon performance. Standardized outcome measures (SOMs) are tools used for measuring the changes in the patients' performance, function or participation over time. A scoping review of the patient's perspective. & Bryze, K. (1998). VT-ART delivers focused, high-dose radiation, usually in a single fraction of 25 Gy, allowing . "This is a useful textbook for occupational therapists and physiotherapists or those studying to become one." A qualitative study of clinical decision making in recommending discharge placement from the acute care setting. In this study, we retrospectively examined and analyzed datasets from OT students level two fieldwork in Summer 2017. Epub 2013 Jan 24. Carrying out daily life tasks and routines 5. Bookshelf Examining validity and clinical utility issues: test examples. Students recorded a range of individual characteristics (e.g., age, gender, race, educational level, and diagnosis) and length of stay into an Excel database. Blaga, L., & Robertson, L. (2008). Confidence interval of 95% = (+ 0.49) and (+ 0.39) logits respectively. Scand J Occup Ther. 2017 May 30;17(1):375. doi: 10.1186/s12913-017-2311-3. It underpins all subsequent decisions including agreeing individualised goals and selecting appropriate interventions. Assessment is a key component of the curriculum in both OT and physiotherapy undergraduate training, Embodies current thinking on a shift towards standardized assessment as well as client-centred practice, Evaluates methods of test critique using case studies and provides sources for published tests, Reviews models of function (eg National Council for Medical Rehabilitation 5 level model, WHO ICDIH-2 International Classification of Impairments). OT outcome measures are used to determine the value and effectiveness of treatment in therapy. Seven out of 32 OT students completed their fieldwork at six acute inpatient hospital settings providing OT services for 205 patients, including 99 male and 106 female patients with an average age of 63.2915.86. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 44(11), 1342-1347. 496Pages, Request permission to reuse content from this site. For consideration, courses: Must be completed by June 15 and transcripts submitted on or before June 30 prior to matriculation. 1 by U.S. News & World Report for 31st Consecutive Year, Community-Ready Upper Extremity Interactive Rehabilitation, Dr. Lieber To Receive AACPDM's Lifetime Achievement Award for Research on Cerebral Palsy, Global Advisory Services Hospital Training & Consulting, Medical Student Education & Residency Program, Bundled Webinars: Spinal Cord Injury (3 Titles), 1 Year Webinar Package - Unlimited Access, Australian Therapy Outcome Measures for Occupational Therapy, Making Waves Following a Spinal Cord Injury, Full Circle After a Non-Traumatic Brain Injury, An Unanticipated Head Injury and Incredibly Bright Future, Parkinson's Disease & Neurologic Rehabilitation. La Trobe University, Melbourne. International Journal of Health Sciences and Research, 5 (8), 369-376. Results: 33 candidate items, amendable to administration acutely after SCI, were developed for against gravity (X=13), gravity minimized (X=2), and gravity eliminated (X . Chen, Z., & Eng,J.Y. Robinson, S.E. https://doi.org/10.3109/11038121003615327, https://doi.org/10.1080/1364557032000119616. They acknowledged the benefits and necessity of a standardized tool but felt this would be difficult due to the medical acuity for acute care patients, the diversity of diagnoses, and the difficulty of finding outcome measures that encompass all aspects related to discharge. Change from admission to discharge for clients, Using Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test, all significant, p<.001, for mixed client population including: Abu-Awad, Y., Unsworth, C.A., Coulson, M., & Sarigiannis, M. (2014). Occupational therapy discharge planning and recommendations in acute care: An action research study. 36 items (16 ADL motor skill items, 20 ADL process skill items), AMPS can be administered in any task-relevant setting, Jenine Ampudia, OTS, University of Illinois at Chicago, Courtney Heidle, OTS, University of Illinois at Chicago, Johnny Sok, OTS, University of Illinois at Chicago, Jennifer Yi, OTS, University of Illinois at Chicago, Schizophrenia: (Haslam et al., 2010; n = 20; Mean Age = 44.3 (8.49) years), Psychiatric Disorders: (Pan and Fisher, 1994; n = 60; Mean Age = 37.9 (14.9); Sample included diagnosis ofaffective disorders, delusional disorders, schizophrenia, or alcohol hallucinosis), Psychiatric Disorders: (Merritt, 2011; n = 8556; Mean Age = 55.1(17.9) years; Subset of data fromAMPS Project International database), Psychiatric Conditions associated with cognitive impairments: (McNulty & Fisher, 2001; n = 20; Mean Age = 58 (16.05) years), Psychiatric Disorders: (Pan & Fisher, 1994; n = 60; Sample includes diagnosis of affective disorders, delusional disorders, schizophrenia, or alcohol hallucinosis), Stroke: (Bernspang & Fisher, 1995; n =230; Individuals with history of RCVA (n = 71), history of LCVA (n = 76), and nondisabled (n = 83)), Stroke: (Fisher & Bray Jones, 2010 as cited in Poulin et al., 2013; n = 8801; subset of AMPS Project International database; adults with hemispheric stroke), Stroke: (Fisher & Bray Jones, 2010 as cited in Poulin et al., 2013), Stroke (Marom, Jarus & Josman, 2006; n= 30; Individuals in their first week home during stroke recovery), Hemispheric Stroke: (Merritt, 2011;n = 17568;Mean Age = 61.7 (20.6); Subset of AMPS Project International database: Individuals with hemispheric stroke ( n = 8801) and individuals with other neurological conditions ( n = 8767), Stroke:(Dickerson, Reistetter & Trujullo, 2010; n = 46; Mean Age = 71.67 (10.76); Community sample referred for driving assessment), Stroke (Kizony & Katz, 2002; n = 30; Mean Age = 71.3 years; Inpatient acute care, 4-5 weeks Post-Stroke), Stroke: (Bjorkdahl et al., 2006; n = 58; Assessed at discharge, three weeks, three months, and one year after discharge; Swedish sample), Geriatric: (Doble, Fisk, Lewis & Rockwood, 1999; n = 55; Mean Age = 77.9 (7.0) years; Community-dwelling elderly adults), Geriatric: (Fioravanti et al., 2012; n = 54; Mean Age = 80 (8.6) years; Mean Length of Stay = 24 (12) days; Canadian sample in a geriatric and neuro-oncology inpatient rehabilitation unit, Geriatric: (Doble, Fisk, Lewis & Rockwood, 1999), Geriatric with cognitive impairments: (Doble, Fisk, Lewis & Rockwood, 1999; Rockwood, Doble, Fisk, MacPherson, & Lewis as cited in Fisher, 2003), Excellent test-retest reliability: (Motor Scale r = 0.88 - 0.9; Process Scale r = 0.86 - 0.87), Excellent test-retest reliability: (Motor: r = 0.88; Process: r = 0.86), Older adults: (Wales, Clemson, Lannin & Cameron, 2016; Mean Age > 70 years; Analysis of 56 papers with RCT design detailing functional assessments for older adults), Geriatric with Memory Impairments: (Robinson & Fisher, 1996), Older Adults: (Wales, Clemson, Lannin & Cameron, 2016), Geriatric with Memory Impairments: (Robinson & Fisher, 1996; n = 51; Mean Age = 75.4 (9.56) years), Older Adults with Dementia of the Alzheimers Type (DAT) (Hartman, Fisher & Duran, 1999; n = 788; Independent Older Adults ( n = 329, Mean Age = 70.5 (5.9)), Older Adults with minimal DAT ( n = 167, Mean Age = 71.2 (9.7)), Older Adults with moderate DAT ( n = 292, Mean Age = 74.5 (8.4)); Sample selected from AMPS database), Older Adults with Dementia of the Alzheimers Type (DAT) (Hartman, Fisher & Duran, 1999), Geriatric with Alzheimers disease: (Doble, Fisk & Rockwood, 1999; n = 26; Mean Age = 76.8 (6.6) years; Canadian sample), Older Adults with Dementia (Fisher & Jones, 2012; n = 5417), Dementia (Merritt, 2011; n = 2488; subset of AMPS Project International database), School-Aged Children with Identified Disability: (Atchinson, Fisher & Bryze, 1998; n = 54; Mean Age = 4.0 (0.7) years; Students receiving occupational therapy for an identified disability (n = 32) and typically developing students as comparison group (n = 22)), School-Aged Children with Identified Disability or At-Risk: (Munkholm, Berg, Lofgren & Fisher, 2010; n = 984; Age Range 3-13; Students from North America, Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom and Nordic countries), School-Aged Children with Identified Disability: (Atchinson, Fisher & Bryze, 1998), School-Aged Children: (Fingerhut et.
Air Force General Officer Pistol,
Lycoming County Obituaries Search,
Planning A Newspaper Report Year 3,
Articles N