0000000724 00000 n Since they are fully synthetic, Synfluid PAOs are extremely pure and provide inherent benefits in oxidative stability and viscosity performance at temperature extremes. You would expect the viscosity to improve with a lower pour point, but the opposite is true. Low-viscosity Synfluid PAOs are both NSF H1 and HX-1 registered. 0000017423 00000 n 142 0 obj <>stream As the chart above shows, lower-viscosity oils can be made without sacrificing low volatility by using PAO base oils. The first step is the synthesis of oligomers (polymers with few repeating monomer units) from the linear alpha-olefin. A run through the test: A product developed by Renewable Lubricants Inc. (RLI), with assistance from Chevron Phillips Chemical, uses Synfluid PAOs combined with biobased oils and specially designed additives. The direct feedstock (normal alpha olefin NAO) is produced through the chain growth and displacement process for producing petrochemically pure alpha olefins. Synfluid PAOs are designed to provide stable viscosities at low temperature and excellent viscometrics and deliver oxidative stability. polyalphaolefin compatibility chart. xmp.did:F87F1174072068118083E936383AAE83 Synfluid PAOs also have a very high degree of saturation, which in lubricants provides oxidative stability. The properties, advantages, and disadvantages reviewed provide some of the main reasons why. Defense Daily subscriber and registered users, please log in here to access the content. 2014-03-26T09:16:41-05:00 For instance, boosting the additive package with an additional 0.4% aminic antioxidant, in combination with the Synfluid PAO base oil, achieved a 35 percent improvement in HPDSC results. 168 0 obj As the chart above shows, lower-viscosity oils can be made without sacrificing low volatility by using PAO base oils. Chemical Compatibility Guide - Galvanized Steel For UltraTech Spill Containment Products This listing was prepared to provide guidance to the chemical compatibility of UltraTech Spill Containment Products which are manufactured and constructed of galvanized steel. This is a recurring situation and is what led to the development of 1-dodecene based Synfluid PAOs in 1995. Sorry, you need to enable JavaScript to visit this website. Although VI is an important indicator, when used alone, VI is misleading. %%EOF Three stringent test standards required by Volkswagen and Mercedes-Benz engines show the impact of the variability of Group III oils: This data illustrates lot-to-lot variability, which has been recognized for the Group III oils. endobj Refined mineral oils often contain sulfurs, aromatics and other compounds that can erode the quality and consistency of a mineral oil. <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Thumb 164 0 R/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 792.0 612.0]/Type/Page>> <> PAO-based lubricants offer a significant advantage in oxidative stability. Polyalphaolefins also have poor fire resistance and biodegradability. With many new base oils being introduced to the market, lubricant consistency can really be a challenge. Synfluid PAOs are crafted from an on-purpose process that yields a consistent, high-quality product. Actions. Of course, and your options are growing! Furthermore, the advantages of exceeding the minimum requirements for driveline fluids will enhance the benefits of the finished lubricant. Polyglycols-40 to 125 C Group IIIB was unable to consistently pass the TDI or M111 tests. <> 0000032842 00000 n For white oil applications, this high saturation level would give a greater degree of chemical inertness. 0000135615 00000 n 0000042568 00000 n 0000012542 00000 n Synfluid PAOs are already known for their excellent low-temperature and oxidative stability properties. xb```f``5``c`X% @kVTW(4n5@,6$ ^09z| R/'T4D:/Iih2f/W8 CV@Vb n m[ iF ^` -2 The chart below shows specific properties of four of our PAO grades that are well-suited to metalworking applications. We make the petrochemical solutions found in products of all kinds with purpose, collaboration and care. 0000007470 00000 n This property coupled with excellent oxidative stability provides a formidable component in an engine oil formulators toolbox. The dodecene-based products offer lower volatility at comparable viscosities to the decene-based products. 0000004968 00000 n John Sherman is Shell Project Lead PAG Lubricant Technology, Industrial Oils and Tech Services; Robert Profilet is Technology Manager, Industrial Lubricants; Warren Cates is Shell Senior Researcher, Industrial Oils and Tech Services; Iris Song is Shell Engineer, Industrial Oils and Tech Services; and Sameer Sathaye is Shell Project Leader Industrial Oils, Industrial Oils and Tech Services. Our customers quickly realized the advantages in volatility, low-temperature viscometrics, VI and flash and fire points in equiviscous blends compared to 1-decene-based materials. Furthermore, the arbitrary distinction of 120 VI between Group II and III oils makes the quality requirements even more confusing. This new system improves the viscosity properties, which should be more energy conserving and achieves the ultimate biodegradation rating ASTM D5864-PW1. However, PAGs and PAOs are two totally different chemical types of synthetic base stocks. endstream endobj 8 0 obj <>stream Lower-viscosity PAOs have a unique property of biodegradability. package, an optimal PAO formulation will be different than that of mineral oils. More importantly, however, was product performance. Furthermore, the process is a simpler, more energy-efficient route for grease production. PAO fluids are classified as a Group IV base oil and are made by a two-step reaction process using linear alpha-olefins like 1-decene. Polyalphaolefin Characteristics Ethylene is produced by cracking either crude oil or natural gas. PAO basestocks were developed in the 1930s and used commercially as a base for engine oils starting in the 1970s. We expect that specifications for driveline fluids will continue to tighten due to pressure from energy conservation, improved transmission design and fluid longevity. News & Technology for the Global Energy Industry. Polyalphaolefin is by far the most common major synthetic base oil used in industrial and automotive lubricants. DuPont, the DuPont Oval Logo, and all trademarks and service marks denoted with , or are owned by affiliates of DuPont de Nemours, Inc. unless otherwise noted. Synfluid PAOs have helped you to meet industry specifications in the past. PAO-based greases are typically used at temperatures over 100C because of thermal and oxidative concerns. 175 0 obj &&3#-j`t$f>3+Jo>9rTj!ft%lA+:k$BshQ(I"&sKH9~p0njga4Z#Sm!2Y-r+E)9]m%nFA}O3>Jo#iW/1Pxq5GJ1\/n.n_>$}RX\~7Zjqh=b$@t%W8zRu{@ BZfUq(_}I/0]J6AX8*sa}5b\$d`6."$? Lack of mineral oil solubility is a barrier to expanded use of PAG-based lubricants. It is not reactive at room temperatures, except by strong oxidizing agents, and some solvents cause swelling. trailer PAOs are the most common synthetic basestock used in industrial and automotive lubricants. Were a company with deep-rooted values, and were looking for people like you to join our team. Thermal conductivity is the measure of the ability to conduct heat. Jun 09 Comentarios desactivados en polyalphaolefin compatibility chart. <> These compounds are not discernable in Synfluid PAOs. 0000036915 00000 n 0000003221 00000 n Since PAO fluids are synthetic hydrocarbons, they are compatible with and often combined with mineral-based oils. 0000036809 00000 n These units provide a flow of temperature controlled fluid or Polyalphaolefin liquid. Since this can be achieved without sacrificing hydrolytic stability, the finished lubricant will maintain superior properties over an extended period of time, resulting in less waste. application/pdf These synthetic hydrocarbons are designed to provide superior lubrication performance over a wider operating-temperature range than petroleum oils and typically are less volatile. You can see a medical doctor for your burn, but Dr. Ken Hope can help with your base oil and formulation challenges. 178 0 obj Weve got you covered! General properties of water-soluble, water-insoluble, and oil-soluble PAG basestocks are shown in Table 1. Finally, greater oxidative stability extends oil life and keeps the compressor clean for a longer service interval. Engine oil tests such as VW T-4 and Seq. Cant find what youre looking for? 0000055257 00000 n Nine standard circulating fluids including d-Limonene, FC77 Flourinert, Galden, Lexol 408, Paratherm CR, Coolanol and PAO. Level of maintenance and labor available. The chart below shows the operating temperature range of a PAO-based, OMG process grease versus comparable mineral-oil-based grease. The chart below shows the gas chromatogram of PAO versus white mineral oil, illustrating the relative enhanced purity of PAO. In order of volume used, they are: polyalphaolefins (PAOs), organic esters, and polyglycols. The more EO monomer in the basestock, the more water-soluble; the more PO monomer, the more water-insoluble; and the more BO monomer, the more oil-soluble the basestock is. High energy costs have hit both businesses and consumers hard, and the pressure is on to conserve. PAOs help to balance the protection and energy conservation requirements in equipment because they are more Newtonian than mineral oils. The ability of a lubricant to reach critical metal-to-metal interfaces in a gear system can be the difference between operation or shutdown. <> There can be many benefits from choosing a high VI base fluid. 0 0000034554 00000 n Two lubricants with the same VI may perform dramatically differently at low temperatures. The mineral oil has both lighter and heavier molecular weight materials. The chart below shows rotary bomb (ASTM D2272) results between Synfluid PAOs and some mineral oils. Since there are no other discernable compounds, Synfluid PAOs are more readily biodegradable and can be used for some food applications. %PDF-1.4 % There are multiple formulations behind the science of synthetic lubricants that can complicate making the right choice for any application. PAOs also resist viscosity increases upon oxidation, which is important in sequence IIIE and VW T4 engine tests. The superior benefits of PAOs enable formulators to meet these challenges. <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Thumb 161 0 R/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 792.0 612.0]/Type/Page>> endstream endobj 5 0 obj <>>> endobj 6 0 obj <>>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 7 0 obj <>stream We offer a wide range of solutions essential to your products. REFERENCEPAGES 1-800-833-7958 www.geotechenv.com fax303-322-7242 sales@geotechenv.com ChemicalCompatibilityTable For All Non-Metals For Metals R=Resistant E<2milsPenetration/Year The chart below illustrates the relative effect base oils have on the operating temperatures in a modified four-ball machine. 4 Chemicals PVC CPVC PP PVDF ABS. With regard to performance, PAOs are able to maintain excellent thermal and oxidative stability at high operating temperatures in addition to the low-temperature benefits for which they are known. This Chemical Compatibility Chart is a shorthand tool for describing the suitability of miniature fluidic and pneumatic component materials for use in contact with various chemicals. This provides several advantages, one of which can be illustrated by gas chromatography. The remaining synthetic lubricants are produced from other basestocks, including phosphate esters, polybutenes, silicones, perfluoroalkyl, and polyphenyl ethers. Synfluid PAO 5 and PAO 7 also offer several advantages in addition to the volatility, such as low pour point, high viscosity index, improved oxidative stability and excellent low-temperature viscosities. %PDF-1.4 % In addition to these properties, weve also seen a significant reduction in the traction coefficient as compared to conventional high-viscosity PAOs. PAG-based lubricants provide many property and performance advantages over mineral oil-based and other synthetic lubricants, as outlined in Table 2. The more similar in polarity the lubricants are, the more similar they will behave in the properties mentioned. Therefore, at high temperatures, it is advantageous to utilize a more stable base oil, specifically Synfluid PAO. 0000041967 00000 n 0000021835 00000 n Give us a call, and well be glad to discuss your applications and provide technical help. Synfluid PAOs, in addition to NSF H1 qualification, are also available as kosher approved products. 0000001332 00000 n The table below shows a comparison of conventional hydraulic oils with the new PAO biobased lubricant from RLI. 99 0 obj endobj Synthetic basestocks, more so than in mineral oil basestocks, are the primary contributor to most of the basic properties of the lubricant, including oil or water solubility, low-temperature fluidity, lubrication, volatility, ignitability, and seal and paint compatibility. 56 0 obj<>stream <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Thumb 162 0 R/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 792.0 612.0]/Type/Page>> The tests used below were the Cold Cranking Simulator for high shear (about 10-1 sec-1) and Brookfield viscosity for low shear (about 2 sec-1) each measured at -20C. The claims can include anything from red wine, coffee, and tea to fruits and vegetables that help lower cholesterol or blood pressure, decrease the risks of diabetes or cancer, or lead to a longer life. Using the same PAO, we achieved 15 percent higher oxidative stability by increasing the A.O. Sorry, you need to enable JavaScript to visit this website. The vast number of high-quality base oil choices can be daunting when trying to balance fuel efficiency and wear protection. There are emerging markets that demand the improved VI and volatility that only the C12-based PAOs can deliver. It is a synthetic hydrocarbon (SHC) that mimics the best hydrocarbon (branched) structure found in mineral oils. Better heat transfer coefficients, increased lubricity and the basic chemical structure of PAOs all contribute to the lower temperature in the gearbox. Absolutely! 0000000016 00000 n Disadvantages of PAG-based lubricants are summarized in Table 3. 304 Stainless Steel Chemical Compatibility Chart ver 28-Oct-2022 Key to General Chemical Resistance - All data is based on ambient or room temperature conditions, about 64F (18C) to 73F (23C) A = Excellent C = Fair - Moderate Effect, not recommended Sometimes, one plus one can equal more than two. For instance, Chemtool Incorporated utilizes Synfluid PAOs in greases, and they have been able to formulate their products to take specific advantage of Synfluid PAO properties, yielding improvements in low-temperature mobility and torque. Polyalphaolefin does not contain ring structures, double bonds, sulphur, nitrogen components or waxy hydrocarbons. All rights reserved. They may also be used to develop high-performance, environmentally friendly lubricants. However, unlike foaming, entrained air can be a difficult problem to treat with additives. Synfluid PAOs have been carefully designed to yield oxidative induction times greater than 2,500 minutes with 0.5 percent antioxidant. The most favorable performance is achieved by using the highest-quality base oils. hence, compatibility with base-oil molecules like PAO oil is improved. Process Chemical Compatibility Guide Flash Point (F) SpectraSyn Plus 3.6. Use this chart to help guide your component selection. Therefore, reducing the temperature is generally beneficial in extending the life of a lubricant. Our sustainability strategy encompasses the concerns and issues identified by our stakeholders and we are committed to addressing these issues. 0000162168 00000 n <> This clearly shows that a PAO base oil substitution can significantly lower operating temperatures of the gear box and extend the required maintenance interval. The VI trend is only true for a family of base oils. III F challenge formulators, and their suppliers, to step up performance for the next generation of engine oils. One obvious trend is that low-viscosity oils are beneficial in improving fuel efficiency. A solution, developed by Renewable Lubricants Inc. (RLI) with assistance from Chevron Phillips Chemical, is the use of Synfluid PAOs combined with biobased oils and specially designed additives. PAO-base oils help improve fuel economy in engine and drivetrain oils by reducing viscosity, volatility and traction coefficients as the chart below shows: These results show the potential for reducing friction loss using PAOs, which also typically have lower pressure-viscosity coefficients than mineral oils reducing elastohydrodynamic gear friction losses and energy consumption. As the chart above clearly demonstrates, the difference in viscosity as a function of shear rate is magnified as temperature decreases. If pour point is not a critical property in your application, then blending a PAO 5 and PAO 7 might give you that clear advantage that you are looking for. Since we use essentially pure 1-decene or 1-dodecene to produce Synfluid PAOs, there is a narrow isomeric distribution for each oligomer. PAO-based lubricants generally resist creep and water washout and offer good lubricity across a variety of substrate material pairings, including metal-to-metal and metal-to-plastic. Note the differences between a VHVI mineral oil and Synfluid Polyalphaolefin (PAO) 5 in the Scanning Brookfield chart below. In addition to the low temperature performance demonstrated by CCS, the volatility and viscosity index of the PAO 5 and 7 blend are improved over traditional PAO 6. 0000000549 00000 n Changes in low-temperature viscometrics and oxidative stability requirements demand higher-quality base oils. 273 0 obj <> endobj xref 273 24 0000000016 00000 n Chemical Compatibility Guide The degree of the disadvantage for seal and paint compatibility may depend on the specific PAG basestock type used (such as water-soluble, oil-soluble, etc.). Initially, it was intended to fill the gap in supply and was found to be exceptionally suitable for applications where extremely low pour points were not necessary. These excellent pour points are achieved while increasing the viscosity indices (VI) over traditional HV PAO. 1 - High Resistance 2 - Limited Resistance 3 - No Resistance . COMPATIBILITY CHART Chemical Natural Rubber SBR, GRS Butyl EPR, EPT, EPDM Buna-N, Nitrile, NBR Hydrin Neoprene Hypalon Urethane, Polyurethane Polysulfide Silicone Fluorosilicone Fluoro Elastomers LEGEND A - RECOMMENDED B - MINOR TO MODERATE EFFECT C - MODERATE TO SEVERE U - UNSATISFACTORY BLANK - INSUFFICIENT DATA Acetaldehyde C U A A U C C U C . The lighter components cause poorer volatility properties as well as lower flash and fire points. Great question! Some properties such as Viscosity Index (VI) or C viscosity can approach those of PAOs. As temperature increases, a higher VI fluid will give increased fluid film thickness, which could result in lower wear. In drivetrain lubricants, reducing the traction coefficient and lowering viscosity are key ways to increase fuel economy, but lower viscosity must be balanced to provide adequate wear resistance. You see, the jump hurts the pump.. California Transparency in Supply Chains Act Disclosure. The primary difference between these two products is pour point. When PAO 5 and PAO 7 are compared to equiviscous blends of other PAOs, the volatility advantage can be seen more clearly. After all, the reason a PAO is selected as a lubricant basestock is its ability to improve performance and solve problems. JFIF Adobe d ##''$ %'% $('++++'()02520)7;;;;7;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ""2(! The chart below shows an example of an engine oil formulation with two different quality PAOs. Adobe PDF Library 10.0.1 Understanding the advantages and disadvantages of each can help end-users decide which option is best for a given application. Give us a call. Kinematic Viscosity @ 100C (cSt) Kinematic Viscosity @ 40C (cSt) Pour Point (F) Molecular Weight. The PAOsare produced through synthesizing oligomers of either 1-decene or 1-dodecene. Low-viscosity PAO fluids are used in automotive applications, such as engine oil and gear lubricants. While one lot of Group IIIA mineral oil passed this battery of tests, it is quite different from the quality of the other Group III stocks. 0000140275 00000 n Both lubricant types are used in industrial gearboxes, compressors, and even air conditioning systems. <> 11 46 June 16, 2022; Posted by usa volleyball national qualifiers 2022; 16 . In the chart below, we highlight how moving from a decene-based Synfluid PAO 6 to an iso-viscous dodecene-based fluid (resulting from a blend of PAO 5 and PAO 7) leads to a dramatic increase in VI. As fluids flow throughout the equipment, they travel through various lubrication regimes and shear environments, resulting in viscosity changes for non-Newtonian fluids. The VI of PAOs typically only varies one to two points. I love to talk about food, and I love to talk about Synfluid PAO! If a polyurea-based thickener is chosen in conjunction with a synthetic base oil, such as a polyalphaolefin (PAO), there is no compatibility risk to be expected. hak1YmPaZI>BYzW+d~2^!dVQ ," #@^Ht 9@}VNJ ,kmLrVT U$^H-1' fMH]T U #5o=EmWae4/nW7fg9on_~mSPI_L7borVsezS[uWdg[]]>oo.o7t|xsMU/ojy4i_[u;cJ~Oz5wj1S5"b!CBd2$U3@Rb'EsHd*DzHWcucC=d8tl=d8,trSdx}=dXY>BR>!GB=dph\Wg0?0. <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Thumb 158 0 R/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 792.0 612.0]/Type/Page>> PAOs demonstrate advantages in three key areas: safety, performance and environmental sensitivity. These include PAOs and also relatively common polyisobutenes (PIB), which are sometimes used as oil additives or as base oils in two-stroke engines. California Transparency in Supply Chains Act Disclosure. The choice of C10- or C12-derived PAO depends on the application and/or specification requirements. This is especially true when you consider the entire operating temperature range including startup. The key to unlocking the full potential of your formulation requires using the right combination and concentration of antioxidant and Synfluid PAO. This same technology can also be beneficial for biobased gear lubricants, chain and cable lubricants/greases, and other applications for equipment used in sensitive environmental areas. mary berry grandchildren names . To correctly identify what type of fluid is needed, the end-user must know the minimum lubricant requirements for that piece of equipment. To improve seal compatibility of PAO-based lubricants, an ester is added to the formulation to add some polarity. They are usually derived from a small set of simple olefins ( alkenes ). Heavier components adversely affect low-temperature performance and pour point. The absence of these structures and materials results in a very non-polar base oil with a high viscosity index (of approximately 130), excellent low-temperature flow and pour-point characteristics, good oxidation stability and compatibility with mineral oils, paints and seals commonly found in lube oil systems. High temperatures can thin and break down oil, crippling its lubricating ability, whereas low temperatures can rob a lubricant of its ability to reach critical parts. Base Oil Compatibility Chart Base Oil . 0000001493 00000 n 179 0 obj Improved equipment efficiency and energy savings. Chevron Phillips Chemical offers two lines of PAOs. 2023 DuPont. A similar approach can be applied to your formulations or applications. While pour point is one consideration, a formulator has to take into account the total specification needs. Synthetic lubricants can be very different chemically and what defines those differences are the basestocks used as the basis for the lubricant. Were a company with deep-rooted values, and were looking for people like you to join our team. C12-derived PAOs also provide advantages with higher Viscosity Index (VI), better flash/fire points, and even lower cold crank simulated viscosities. 2014-03-26T09:16:41-05:00 0000003482 00000 n The chart below shows pressure coefficient comparisons between PAOs and Group III mineral oils versus pressure: Gear systems are specially designed and require highly specialized lubricants. '0v^ Ln 1qDP]C[,z[v(u_g.Fh{K>8rI,[GV&mE}^ 9S87PGgT hO"4=]3JVp ZmU[@=ocLV]P *y`# dY'!3!IP0O. endobj Unlike other industrial basestocks, PAOs are generally classified by their kinematic viscosity at 100C. The benefit of a lubricant to the end user is an important question, and the behavior of a base oil is only one of many variables affecting the performance of a finished formulation. These advantages are achieved without the need for VI improvers or other additives, which may promote other deleterious effects as they degrade. Heres an overview of our production process: Copyright 2023 Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LLC. High molecular weight compounds will degrade pour point, cold crank and other low-temperature viscometrics. PAOs are used extensively in automotive fluids as well as hydraulic, gear and bearing oils, working in extremely cold climates or hot applications. A Group III mineral oil with a 0.1 percent PPD achieves an improved pour point, but to the detriment of the low-temperature viscometrics. This lowers their volatility, creates less hydrocarbon tailpipe emissions and raises the flash point. 2013-07-10T14:05:23-05:00 The challenge presented to a formulator is maintaining the performance levels while achieving biodegradability. polyalphaolefin compatibility chart Posted by . 169 0 obj Their polymerization can benefit greatly from the development of highly active and highly selective catalysts, as the catalysts strongly affect their properties. With todays oils requiring a higher-quality lubricant basestock to meet more stringent tests, polyalphaolefins are perfectly tailored and consistently manufactured to meet the challenge. The results indicate that the CSC 980 Tan grease has a running torque of 3.77 N-m versus 10.9 N-m for the same grease with an alternate base oil. <> Leaking fluids from equipment used in sensitive geographical areas can have long-term negative consequences on the environment. A process enhancement at Chevron Phillips Chemicals manufacturing facility has resulted in up to a 30 percent improvement in oxidative stability when used with aminic antioxidants in Rotary Bomb Oxidation Tests (RBOT). This resistance to fire and flame propagation improves the margin of safety in the event of a hydraulic leak. BioPreferred is a registered service mark of the United States Department of Agriculture. The combination of air and oil can often lead to foaming issues. 4e739735ec50523ad929b6aac8340ae467185943 If you are using multiple greases, there are certain risks for misapplication, which are minimized with a multi-purpose grease. RESISTANCE CHART RATINGS CHEMICAL EFFECT A No effectExcellent B Minor effectGood 2. If you would like us to test your formulation or have questions about our formulating experience, give us a call. Softening, loss of strength, or swelling may occur. When possible, testing compatibility between the specific PAG lubricant to be used and the specific seal types or paints to be used is recommended. xmp.iid:00801174072068118083E936383AAE83 Thats a hot topic! 0000034812 00000 n Chevron Phillips Chemical has been producing two families of PAOs for close to 25 years. 232 0 obj This resistance to fire and flame propagation improves the margin of safety in the event of a hydraulic leak. 0000139372 00000 n endobj The current trend toward lower viscosities, while providing for extended drain capabilities, does present an interesting challenge for base oils. So yes, PAOs can provide flexibility in your food-grade base oil selection, depending upon your performance requirements. Sustained operations at elevated temperatures increase the rate of oxidation and other degradation reactions. This is one clear benefit of using a carefully designed base oil. Eight standard model Portable Liquid Chillers and ten standard model PAO Carts. trailer You see, PAOs are carefully designed, not refined. However, PAOs can help. 91 0 obj 0000004340 00000 n Low-temperature fluidity and high-temperature thermal and oxidative stability are key factors for choosing a PAO.
