For example, a flight instructor should not rely exclusively on a software program on traffic patterns and landings to do the ground instruction for a student pilot, then expect the student to demonstrate patterns and landings in the aircraft. Other aids, which are usually more expensive, are projected materials, video, computerbased programs, and models, mock-ups, or cut-aways. Enhanced training materials that include these benchmarks can help aviation instructors complete, endorse, and document required training, For example, the training syllabi represent enhanced training material and contain provisions for instructor endorsements and recordkeeping. This is necessary to be certain a student is on track with the training syllabus. 740 park avenue documentary netflix . CDs and DVDs and the associated equipment, although more expensive than some of the more basic instructional aid equipment, are fairly economical. Because the exact words to express an idea are spontaneous, the lecture is more personalized than one that is read or spoken from memory, Since the instructor talks directly to the students, their reactions can be readily observed, and adjustments can be made based on their responses. There is no guarantee that all of this information is current, or even accurate, It is important to prepare an organized plan of action, Most frequently used to least frequently used, Introducing students to new subject material, Showing relationships between theory and practice, and, No direct reaction from students but economical, Establish the objective and desired outcomes, Help jog memory and ensures important points are emphasized, Can supplement other teaching devices and methods, Students tend to interact and achieve in ways and at levels that are rarely found with other instructional strategies, Clear directions on what the student is going to do, All members of the group must accept the objectives as ones they have agreed to achieve, Tasks are structured so that students must depend upon one another for their group's success in completing and mastering the target objectives, Student must not feel penalized for being placed in a particular group, The focus of learning tasks must be aligned with the specific objectives, Each student and group should be provided the amount of time needed to learn the targeted information, Students must engage in interactive abilities as leadership, Each student must be formally and individually tested to determine mastery and retention, Only members of groups who meet established levels of achievement receive the rewards, Lead-off Question - opens up an area for discussion (how or why, not what or when), Follow-up Question - guides into discussion, Students should be encouraged to participate. For example, the subsystems within a physical unit are relatively easy to relate to each other through the use of schematics or diagrams. February 15, 2022 a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by. Overlays can also be cut into various shapes and moved about in relation to the base transparency. best dj pool for old school music. ), Select a topic the students can profitably discuss. Thus, an instructor who introduces some form of active student participation in the middle of a lecture greatly increases student retention. HOTS should be taught throughout the curriculum from simple to complex and from concrete to abstract, Determine learning outcomes for the problem, Consider additional solutions through guided discovery, Reevaluate solution with additional options, Reflect on this solution and why it is the best solution, Consider what "best" means (is it situational), While there are many variations as to how a problem-based lesson might work, it usually involves an incentive or need to solve the problem, a decision on how to find a solution, a possible solution, an explanation for the reasons used to reach that solution, and then reflection on the solution. Nor do lectures easily allow an instructor to estimate student understanding of the material covered. The effectiveness of the instructional aid is critical for this process. In other words, they must mean the same thing to any knowledgeable reader. During this research process, the instructor should also earmark reading material that appears to be especially appropriate as background material for students. The instructor should avoid the temptation to use the aids as a crutch. Before using a global positioning system (GPS) as the sole means of navigation, students should be taught the basics, Under each main point in a lesson, the subordinate points should lead naturally from one to another. For example, inserting conditions narrows the objective as follows: "Using sectional charts, a flight computer, and Cessna 172, navigate from point A to point B while maintaining standard hemispheric altitudes." As instructional aids, models are usually more practical than originals because they are lightweight and easy to manipulate, A mock-up is a three-dimensional or specialized type of working model made from real or synthetic materials. Regardless of the teaching or training delivery method used, the teaching process remains the same. For these reasons, it is likely to hold the interest of the students, An instructor who is thoroughly prepared or who has made the presentation before can usually speak effectively without notes. All aviation instructors shoulder an enormous responsibility because their students will ultimately be flying, servicing, or repairing aircraft, but flight instructors have the additional responsibilities of evaluating student pilots and making a decision of when they are ready to solo. For example, basic map reading is a perishable skill that should be practiced often. The selection of a graph for use in any given situation depends upon the type of information the instructor wants to convey, Charts, diagrams, and graphs can be used effectively to show relationships, chronological changes, distributions, components, and flow. An important factor is chart format. In flight training, the instructor may allow the student to follow along on the controls during the demonstration of a maneuver. The established criteria or standards to determine whether the training has been adequate are the passing of knowledge and practical tests required by 14 CFR for the issuance of pilot certificates. In many cases, these terms are used interchangeably, but there are important differences, A curriculum is a set of courses in an area of specialization offered by an educational institution. Words or terms used in an instructional aid should be carefully selected to convey the same meaning for the student as they do for the instructor. During a classroom session, the instructor should provide students with an overview of the presentation before showing it. As the student progresses through higher levels of performance and understanding, the instructor should shift the training focus to decision-based training objectives. Consequently, it is more commonly used in lecturing than in guided discussion, The instructor who wants to phrase a question for followup purposes may choose the overhead type. In its basic form, CAL is a combination of more than one instructional media, such as audio, text, graphics, and video (or film) usually shown on a PC, With CAL, the roles of both student and instructor change. However, writing standards to evaluate a students level of learning or overt behavior in the affective domain (attitudes, beliefs, and values) is more difficult, The overall objective of an aviation training course is usually well established, and the general standards are included in various rules and related publications. 1 shows the conceptual model of an instructor's work during an SBT session, following the design of our simulator concept. The tendency toward unnecessarily distracting artwork also should be avoided, Instructional aids should appeal to the student and be based on sound principles of instructional design. Using simulation devices, computer networks, and multimedia programs, students become more actively involved and responsible for their own training. Remember, a good inflight scenario is more than an hour of flight time; it is also a learning experience. Since charts may consist of a series of single sheets or be tied together in a flip-chart format with several pages, the location and handling of them should be planned in advance, A graph is a symbolic drawing which shows relationships or makes comparisons. A well-planned lesson means the instructor is also practicing time management skills and ensures the time allocated for the lesson is well used. Discussion questions should be easy for students to understand, put forth decisively by the instructor, and followed by silence. These slide shows can be only bulleted information or incorporate animation and video clips. The instructor then shares the NTSBs determination of probable cause: "The pilots inadequate decision to continue VFR flight into IMC conditions, which resulted in a loss of engine power due to fuel exhaustion" which can lead to further discussions of how to avoid this type of accident. FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR KNOWLEDGE REQUIREMENTS Applicants for the Flight Instructor Rating shall demonstrate their knowledge by writing Transport Canada multiple choice examinations on the subjects contained in this guide. Terms such as "knowledge of " and "awareness of " cannot be measured very well, and words like this should be avoided. In these examples, the student leader or the instructor serves as a coach or facilitator who interacts with the group, as necessary, to keep it on track or to encourage everyone in the group to participate, Best used for the mastery of mental or physical skills that require practice, the demonstration-performance method is based on the principle that people "learn by doing." Periodic review and assessment by the instructor is necessary to ensure that the student has not acquired any bad habits, As the student becomes proficient with the fundamentals of flight and aircraft maneuvers or maintenance procedures, the instructor should increasingly emphasize ADM as a means of applying what has been previously learned. The instructor should try to make the students feel that their ideas and active participation are wanted and needed, The instructor opens the discussion by asking one of the prepared lead-off questions. To be an effective instructor, it is important to determine which teaching methods best convey the information being taught, In the lecture method, the instructor delivers his knowledge via lectures to students who are more or less silent participants. It promotes learning through repetition because those things most often repeated are best remembered. Research has shown that learning is an active processthe more involved students are in the process, the better they learn. C. cannot accept the real reasons for their behavior. In addition, they also provide realistic details necessary for visual recognition of important subject material. Usually the instructor has to interrupt the students efforts for corrections and further demonstrations. instead of "Would you expect an aircraft to require a longer takeoff run at Denver or at New Orleans?" Another important people skill used by effective instructors is to challenge students intellectually while supporting their efforts to learn. In the discussion, the instructor should be certain that the main points discussed build logically with the objective. Computer-based training also can be designed so the progress of the student can be tracked and documented. Material composed on a computer word processing and graphics program can also be printed onto transparencies, The equipment can be placed at the front of the room, allowing the instructor to maintain eye contact with students. All refer to the same thing, the behavior of the student, These objectives provide a way of stating what performance level is desired of a student before the student is allowed to progress to the next stage of instruction. Each student should be given the opportunity to discuss the various aspects of the subject, and feel free to do so. For example, in teaching aircraft maintenance, CAL programs produced by various aircraft manufacturers can be used to expose students to equipment not normally found at a maintenance school. In teaching a skill, the instructor must convey to the students the precise actions they are to perform. It is extremely expensive, and versions with a head-mounted display sometimes produce unfavorable side effects, For those engaged in aviation training, the challenge is staying abreast of technological changes that apply to training and adopting those that are the most useful and cost effective. They must also hold a current ATP or commercial certificate and earn a score of more than 70% on an FAA-administered flight instructor demonstrated knowledge test. [Figure 4-14] The popularity of simulation games that provide players with complex situations and opportunities to learn have drawn educators into the gaming field as they seek interactive educational games that help students retain subject matter learning, The advantages of simulation/role-playing games come as the student learns new information, develops skills, connects and manipulates information. Each student essentially receives a customized learning experience, As mentioned earlier, CAL has become a popular training delivery method. A customer wants a tail strobe light installed on his Piper Cherokee 180. However, use of standardized materials, including a syllabus, is recommended. Visual aids must be visible to the entire class. This is a useful technique for displaying dial indications or fitting several parts of a component together so relative motion can be simulated, With any projection equipment, instructors should ensure the projector does not obstruct the students line of sight. Injuries: one serious, one minor, one uninjured", The flight instructor has the student analyze the information and suggest possible reasons for the accident. The area of the picture or object is limited to approximately 10 inches by 10 inches, Items which may be projected are practically limitless. objective of each period of instruction. In preparing questions, the instructor should remember that the purpose is to stimulate discussion, not merely to get answers. Efforts in this area pay great dividends in terms of quality of instruction. Regardless of the method of development or depth of coverage, the success of the teaching lecture depends upon the instructors ability to communicate effectively with the class, In other methods of teaching such as demonstrationperformance or guided discussion, the instructor receives direct reaction from the students, either verbally or by some form of body language. Also, the instructor should avoid a long apologetic introduction, because it only serves to dampen the students interest in the lesson, Development is the main part of the lesson. The main advantages are less time spent on instruction compared to traditional classroom training, and higher levels of mastery and retention, Distance learning, or the use of electronic media to deliver instruction when the instructor and student are separated, is another advantage to e-learning. This handbook is a compilation of that research and is designed to help aviation instructors become experts in the field of education, Effective instructors have a sincere interest in learning and professional growth. The instructor should remember that the more intense the discussion and the greater the participation, the more effective the learning. Go back to and try again", Interactive CDs and DVDs solve one of the main problems of passive video in that it increases involvement of the student in the learning process. Improper pilot decisions cause a significant percentage of all accidents, and the majority of fatal accidents in light single- and twin-engine aircraft. how should you adjust the height of your monitor; emily thorne revenge net worth; final fantasy tactics all classes; bupa operations manager More often, the assessment is formal and results recorded to certify the students progress in the course. However, it is the instructors responsibility to plan, organize, develop, and present the major portion of a lesson, There are a number of advantages to lectures. After the presentation, the instructor should allow time for questions and a summary of key points, Computer-generated slide shows have changed the way information is presented to todays student. entry of bacteriophages and animal viruses into host cells. In contrast, training media are generally described as any physical means that communicates an instructional message to students. This review and wrap-up of ideas reinforces student learning and improves the retention of what has been learned. The instructor may use an overhead question to pose the lead-off question. Unlike other forms of projected material, CDs and DVDs can also be played on a laptop computer, On the other hand, CDs and DVDs offer their own disadvantages. This usually involves the term behavioral objective, although it may be referred to as a performance, instructional, or educational objective. In addition, the Certificated Flight Instructor (CFI) needs to remember he or she is teaching a pilot who should: Seek proficiency in control of the aircraft. For the instructor, maintaining control of the learning situation may be difficult. Effective use of drill and practice revolves around knowing what skill is being developed. An instructor can most effectively maintain a high level of student motivation by. The instructor who requires notes should use them sparingly and unobtrusively, but at the same time should make no effort to hide them from the students. The instructor should treat everyone impartially, encourage questions, exercise patience and tact, and comment on all responses. The lecture method is adaptable to many different settings, including small or large groups. flight instructor determines if an applicant can demonstrate the ability to meet English language requirements. Obviously, an explanation of elaborate equipment may require detailed schematics or mock-ups, but less complex equipment may lend itself to only basic shapes or figures. Then, allow students time to practice each step, so they can increase their ability to perform the skill. Consequently, the objective normally is stated at the understanding level of learning. Lectures can be used to present information that would be difficult for the students to get in other ways, particularly if the students do not have the time required for research, or if they do not have access to reference material. In addition, since each domain includes several educational or skill levels, training objectives may easily be adapted to a specific performance level of knowledge or skill. This research has revealed that effective instructors come in many forms, but they generally possess four essential teaching skills: people skills, subject matter expertise, management skills, and assessment skills. Time relationships are most suitable when history is an important consideration, as in tracing the development of radio navigation systems, The simple-to-complex pattern helps the instructor lead the student from simple facts or ideas to an understanding of the phenomena or concepts involved. An aviation instructor needs to remember he or she is teaching a pilot or technician who should: Develop and exercise good judgment in making decisions, Adhere to prudent operating practices and personal operating parameters, and, Adhere to applicable laws and regulations. For example, in concluding a discussion on density altitude, an instructor might give a fairly complete description of an accident which occurred due to a pilot attempting to take off in an overloaded airplane from a short runway at a high-altitude airport on a hot day, The summary should be succinct, but not incomplete. The controller directed the pilot to two different nearby airports, but both were below minimums. If, however, a response is desired from a specific individual, a direct question may be asked of that student. In all cases, a systematic plan of action requires the use of an appropriate training syllabus. When using this method, instructors should keep their own discussion to a minimum since the goal is student participation, Instructors can also use another form of discussion, the guided discussion method, to ensure the student has correctly received and interpreted subject information, The guided discussion method relies on student possession of a level of knowledge about the topic to be discussed, either through reading prior to class or a short lecture to set up the topic to be discussed. For example, there are several types of lectures, such as the illustrated talk where the speaker relies heavily on visual aids to convey ideas to the listeners. Such material should be well organized and based on fundamentals, Organize the main and subordinate points of the lesson in a logical sequence. They are easy to construct and can be produced in the same manner as pictures. In this case, the responsible instructor needs to establish procedures to make sure the required training is accomplished, since he or she must certify student competency at the end of the course, Models, mock-ups, and cut-aways are additional instructional aids. This is a good indication that the original version was confusing to that person. The instructor's role is to instill and eventually evaluate the comprehension and ability of the pilot in pursuit of a certification, rating, or license. A major shortcoming of test preparation materials is that the emphasis is on rote learning, which is the lowest of all levels of learning, Test preparation materials, as well as instructors, that dwell on teaching the test are shortchanging student applicants. For example, instead of using many words to describe a sound, object, or function, the instructor plays a recording of the sound, shows a picture of the object, or presents a diagram of the function. The examiner also is required to assign a practical project from each subject area. Individual maintenance instructors, as well as publishers, have compiled lists of typical questions and projects. Frequently, good organization and natural patterns of logic dictate the sequence. The description should be in concrete terms that can be measured. If the applicant has a medical condition affecting his or her ability to demonstrate that he or she meets the FAA AELS, the flight instructor discontinues the process and refers the individual to the FSDO and the appropriate FAA medical Blocks for instructor endorsements also may be included at appropriate points. The mock-up may emphasize or highlight elements or components for learning and eliminate nonessential elements, Cut-aways, another type of model, are built in sections and can be taken apart to reveal the internal structure. In addition, the coverage should be straightforward and factual so it is easy for students to remember and recall. That may mean the instructor needs to initiate leading questions, referee if the discussions cause conflict, ensure that all students participate, and at the end summarize what has been learned, Tying the discussion method into the lecture method not only provides active student participation, it also allows students to develop higher order thinking skills (HOTS). In some school situations, the designers of the curriculum determine the use of instructional aids. A syllabus is a summary or outline of a course of study that generally contains a description of each lesson, including objectives and completion standards. Major airlines have highlevel flight simulators that are so realistic that transitioning crews meet all qualifications in the flight simulator. Information such as equipment, tools, reference material, and limiting parameters should be included. Electronic information on computer networks and bulletin boards is from commercial providers, as well as community, state, and national government agencies. By listing the criteria for the training objectives, the instructor has already established the completion standards normally included as part of the lesson plan, Use of training objectives also provides the student with a better understanding of the big picture, as well as knowledge of what is expected. This is the lead-off question and its purpose is to get the discussion started. An effective instructor possesses a strong motivation to teach, as well as a positive attitude toward learning. The guided discussion has three main parts: introduction, discussion, and conclusion. In addition, instructors and students may lack sufficient experience with personal computers to take full advantage of the software programs that are available, Improper or excessive use of e-learning should be avoided. azure resource types list For example, in developing a lesson on heading indicators, the instructor could begin with a discussion of the vacuumdriven heading indicator before proceeding to a description of the radio magnetic indicator (RMI), In some subjects, certain information or concepts are common to all who use the material. This actually gives the instructor more time for one-on-one teaching. All members of the group should follow the discussion. However, once they are learned, they are integrated into more realistic and dynamic flight situations, Decision-based objectives are also important for the aviation instructor planning AMT training. The effective instructor is able to interpret the meaning of these reactions and adjust the lesson accordingly. In addition to its uses as a summary and transitional device, the interim summary may also be used to keep the group on the subject or to divert the discussion to another member, A guided discussion is closed by summarizing the material covered. The introduction should be free of stories, jokes, or incidents that do not help the students focus their attention on the lesson objective. Effective instructors also display enthusiasm for their subject matter and express themselves clearly. (1) Holds a flight instructor certificate or ground instructor certificate issued under this part; (2) Holds a teacher's certificate issued by a State, county, city, or municipality that authorizes the person to teach at an educational level of the 7th grade or higher; or (3) Is employed as a teacher at an accredited college or university. Once again, open-ended "what if" problems encourage the students an opportunity to develop HOTS, A case study is a written or oral account of a real world situation that contains a message that educates the student. Aviation-related learning centers are usually associated with colleges, universities, and research centers. This results in considerable one-on-one instructor-student interaction. Each part is required and must be stated in a way that leaves every reader with the same picture of the objective, how it is performed, and to what level of performance. Normally, aviation training aspires to a level of learning at the application level or higher, Standards are closely tied to objectives since they include a description of the desired knowledge, behavior, or skill stated in specific terms, along with conditions and criteria. The examiner for the Airframe and Powerplant (A&P) is required to ask four questions in each of the subject areas, which are required by the regulations to be taught. For the flight instructor, this may entail overseeing the preflight procedures. It is a realistic situation that allows the student to rehearse mentally for a situation and requires practical application of various bits of knowledge. For the effective instructor, these skills are reflected in the ability to plan, organize, and carry out a lesson. The plan should include all key points that need to be covered. The nature of the questions should be determined by the lesson objective and desired learning outcomes, Once the discussion is underway, the instructor should listen attentively to the ideas, experiences, and examples contributed by the students during the discussion. It is important to remember that a training delivery method is rarely used by itself. Poorly organized information is of little or no value to the student because it cannot be readily understood or remembered, An effective conclusion retraces the important elements of the lesson and relates them to the objective. This complex process is enhanced by the use of appropriate instructional aids that highlight and emphasize the main points or concepts, The working or short-term memory functions are limited by both time and capacity. In addition, they can be drawn on a chalk or marker board and can be duplicated. More information on enhanced training materials is presented in chapter 6, Traditional aids in this group include slides, filmstrips, and transparencies for overhead projection.
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