Herbicide rotation in combination with other integrated weed management strategies is critical to help prolong the utility of herbicides. All herbicide interactions with a plant, from application to final effect, are considered the mode of action. (12 pages) Combating herbicide resistance relies on understanding herbicide Sites of Action (SOA). Refer to the Mode of Action chart on the left for more information. Foliar application of herbicide on row crops. Amino Acid Synthesis Inhibitors. U.S. EPA (2007) White Paper on the Potential for Atrazine to Affect Amphibian Gonadal Development. This is often at an enzyme within a plant cell. is a generally a non-selective herbicide and will severely injure or kill any living Cross resistance, or herbicide-resistance Herbicides may reduce taxa richness and abundance of fish and benthic macroinvertebrates due to reductions of sensitive species and increased abundance of tolerant species at high concentrations (Daam and Van den Brink 2007, Dewey 1986). Different herbicides and metabolites are measurable using different techniques, and the proper technique must be matched with the metabolite of interest. This narrative generally follows the diagram top to bottom, left to right. 0 0000123377 00000 n Most waterhemp populations in Oklahoma, for example, 0000108037 00000 n Herbicide Mode of Action. Hence, understanding how herbicides work and the factors which impact their usefulness is critical to maximise the effectiveness of these valuable tools. Sign up for Updates Click on diagram to enlarge. 7.504 It usually describes the biological process or enzyme in the plant that the herbicide effective ways to rotate herbicide modes of action is through crop rotation. WSSA group numbers can be found on many herbicide product labels and can be used as a tool to choose herbicides in different mode of action groups so mixtures or rotations of active ingredients can be planned to better manage weeds and reduce the potential for resistant species. For a high resolution PDF of the Poster Click Here For a detailed view of each group select the group from the dropdown menu. 1997, Hall et al. plants. The potential effects of herbicides are strongly influenced by their toxic mode of action and their method of application. to not only rotate herbicide active ingredients but also to rotate modes of action 0 Scribner EA, Thurman EM, Zimmerman LR (2000) Analysis of selected herbicide metabolites in surface and ground water of the United States. They inhibit photosynthesis. CropLife Australias Resistance Management Strategies provide a guide for crop protection product rotation through product groups. View all agriculture and environment programs, Continuing Education for Health Professions, Living a Healthy Life with Chronic Conditions, Agricultural Business and Policy Extension, Exceed - Regional Economic and Entrepreneurial Development, Mid-America Trade Adjustment Assistance Center, Missouri Small Business Development Centers, Missouri Procurement Technical Assistance Centers, Veterinary Extension and Continuing Education, Missouri Council for Activity and Nutrition, equal opportunity/access/affirmative action/pro-disabled and veteran employer. They also may be applied to crops in the fall, to improve harvesting. Presently metabolites of triazines, chloroacetanilides, phenyl ureas and the phosphanoglycine glyphosate have been measured (Scribner et al. Refer to the Site of Action chart on the left for more information. Should I Buy (or Retain) Stockers to Graze Wheat Pasture? Merriweather Because of its broad spectrum and relatively low toxicity to animals, it is used in horticulture and in the control of aquatic macrophytes. Stored herbicides, both at sites where they are used and at sites where they are manufactured, also may be transported to streams via runoff or groundwater transport. 0 835561466 important to know that the type of salt formulation does not affect weed control, Herbicides are an essential tool enabling cost-effective management of weeds as part of an integrated strategy. The surfactants used in herbicide solutions also can be toxic to biota and are not considered when testing active ingredients (Folmar et al. The Eight Modes of Action. Insecticides that act on these targets are generally fast acting. glyphosate and glyphosate-containing products available. Actives are allocated to specific groups based on their target site. Photosynthesis Inhibitors (Photosystem I). In some cases, herbicides may be transported atmospherically in spray drift. Herbicides. ALS-resistant, They are a guide only and do not endorse particular products, groups of products or cultural methods in terms of their performance. So using dicamba plus glyphosate alone is exerting high selection pressure for resistance to dicamba. mithila@ksu.edu, Jeanne Falk Jones, Multi-County Specialist, Colby 1998), resulting in additive or synergistic effects. Mode of action: protoporphyrinogen Oxidase (PPO) Inhibitor. OpenType - PS Figure 5. Find guidance on how to effectively use herbicides for Minnesota crop production. 1993 to document.write(new Date().getFullYear()) Curators of the University of Missouri, all rights reserved, DMCA and other copyright information. There are many varieties of herbicides that help to manage weeds in different ways. DINOT-Black Open all. a successful weed management program for your production system. One of the most converted Applied to the foliage and transported with sugars to metabolic sites where they inhibit amino acid production. It further subdivides the information into chemical type and then common and trade names. Agricultural use of herbicides in 2001 in millions of acres. Aminocyclopyrachlor (Method), aminopyralid (Fallow Boss Tordon*, ForageMax*, Grazon Extra*, Hotshot*, Stinger*, Vigilant II*), clopyralid (Lontrel, Nuturf Millennium*, Spearhead*, Trimac Plus*, Velmac Plus*) , florpyrauxifen (Agixa*, Ubeniq), halauxifen (ForageMax*, Paradigm*, Pixxaro*, Rexade*), picloram (Fallow Boss Tordon*, Grazon Extra*, Tordon, Tordon 242*, Tordon Regrowth Master*, Trinoc*, Vigilant II*), fluroxypyr (Crest*, Hotshot*, Pixxaro*, Starane), triclopyr (Garlon, Grazon Extra*, Tordon Regrowth Master*, Tough Roundup Weedkiller*, Ultimate Brushweed* Herbicide), ametryn (Amigan*, Gesapax Combi*, Krismat, Primatol Z), atrazine (Gesapax Combi*, Gesaprim, Primextra Gold*), cyanazine (Bladex), prometryn (Bandit*, Cotogard*, Gesagard), propazine (Agaprop), simazine (Brunnings RTU Path Weeder*, Gesatop, Bantox*, Yates Once A Year Path Weeder*), terbuthylazine (Effigy*, Firestorm*, Palmero TX*, Terbyne), terbutryn (Agtryne MA*, Amigan*, Igran), amicarbazone (Amitron*) hexazinone (Bobcat I-Maxx*, Velmac Plus*, Velpar K4*, Velpar L), metribuzin (Aptitude*, Sencor), bromacil (Hyvar, Krovar*), terbacil (Eucmix Pre Plant*, Sinbar, Trimac Plus*), diuron (Karmex, Krovar*, Velpar K4*), fluometuron (Bandit*, Cotogard*, Cotoran), linuron (Afalon), methabenzthiazuron (Tribunil), siduron (Tupersan), tebuthiuron (Graslan), bentazone (Basagran, Basagran M60*, Lawnweeder Plus*), bromoxynil (Barrel*, Buctril, Buctril MA*, Buffalo Pro Weedkiller*, Eliminar C*, Flight*, Jaguar*, Quadrant*, Talinor*, Triathlon*, Velocity*), ioxynil (Actril DS*, Totril), glyphosate (Arsenal Xpress*, Bantox*, Broadway*, Firestorm*, Illico*, Resolva*, Roundup, Sandoban*, Tough Roundup Weedkiller*, Trounce*, Yates Pathweeder*), diflufenican (Brodal, Gangster*, Jaguar*, Mateno Complete*, Quadrant*, Spearhead*, Tigrex*, Triathlon*, Yates Pathweeder*), picolinafen (Eliminar C*, Flight*, Paragon*, Quadrant*, Sniper), bixlozone (Overwatch), clomazone (Altiplano*, Command), acifluorfen (Blazer), fomesafen (Reflex), oxyfluorfen (Goal, Rout, Yates Pathweeder), pyraflufen (Condor*, Ecopar, Pyresta*), butafenacil (B-Power*, Logran B-Power*, Resolva*), flumioxazin (Valor, Terrain), saflufenacil (Sharpen, Voraxor*), tiafenacil (TerradOr), trifludimoxazin (Voraxor*), carfentrazone (Affinity, Aptitude*, Broadway, Buffalo Pro Weedkiller*, Silverado*), dimethenamid (Freehand*, Frontier-P, Outlook ), metazachlor (Butisan), metolachlor (Boxer Gold*, Dual Gold, Primextra Gold*), propachlor (Prothal*, Ramrod), pyroxasulfone (Mateno Complete*, Sakura), EPTC (Eptam), molinate (Ordram), pebulate (Tillam), prosulfocarb (Arcade, Bolta Duo*, Boxer Gold*, Diablo Duo*), thiobencarb (Saturn), tri-allate (Avadex, Diablo Duo*, Jetti Duo*), vernolate (Vernam), diquat (Reglone, Spray Seed*), paraquat (Alliance*, Gramoxone, Spray Seed*), carbetamide (Carbetamex, Ultro), , chlorpropham (Chlorpropham), benzofenap (Taipan), pyrasulfotole (Precept*, Velocity*) topramezone (Frequency), bicyclopyrone (Talinor*), mesotrione (Callisto), cinmethylin (Luximax), methiozolin (PoaCure Turf), amitrole (Alliance*, Amitrole, Brunnings RTU Pathweeder*, Illico*, Firestorm*, Yates Onceyear Pathweeder*), DSMA (disodium methylarsonate) (Methar, Trinoc*), MSMA (monosodium methylarsonate) (Daconate), Pelargonic acid (Nonanoic acid) (Slasher), dalapon (Dalapon, Yates Onceyear Pathweeder*, flupropanate (Frenock). 1.001 For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. How to use the Herbicide Classification Chart: The Herbicide Classification Chart is an important resource for managing herbicide resistance. Reproduced from USDA Economic Research Service, Pest Management. Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv (common name: barnyard grass) is a major weed in rice-growing areas and has evolved resistance to multiple herbicides. These herbicides Despite the different salt formulations available, it is Tate TM, Spurlock JO, Christian FA (1997) Effect of glyphosate on the development of, Tillit DE, Papoulias DM, Whyte JJ, Richter CA (2010) Atrazine reduces reproduction in fathead minnow (. Continue to follow current integrated weed management strategies and rotation plans. application in Liberty Link crops (glufosinate resistant). Wildlife Society Bulletin 32(4):1020-1027. Ultimately, these effects may result in changes in community structure (e.g., decreased richness, changes in functional feeding groups) and ecosystem function. This mechanism of action was theorized to be responsible for indaziflam's effect in 2009 [7] and proven in 2014. Diamond GL, Durkin PR (1997) Effects of Surfactants on the Toxicity of Glyphosate, with Specific Reference to RODEO. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Riverdale MD. FOPs, DIMs, and DENs.. Selectivity on crops and weeds, behavior in the soil and . OpenType - PS Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 38:13-24. This publication provides herbicide mode of action, group number, site of action, chemical family, active ingredient, and example trade names for herbicides currently registered in Wisconsin. Mode of Action is the plant processes affected by the herbicide, or the entire sequence of events that results in death of susceptible plants. Secondary effects of herbicides are mediated by low DO concentrations from plant decomposition and changes in trophic structure due to plant community changes. startxref Pesticide Science 53(1):21-28. For example, exposure to herbicides may lead to elevated internal herbicide concentrations and decreased photosynthesis, cell division, and amino acid production in plants. Herbicide classification and chemistry. Figure 1. DIN OT This mode of action, also known as synthetic auxins, includes many commonly used plant Similarly, if you have glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth in your field, tank-mixing dicamba (active ingredient in Xtendimax or Engenia herbicide, WSSA group 4) and glyphosate (Roundup, WSSA group 9) only provides one effective mode of action. One of the Best Management Practices (BMP) to avoid herbicide resistance is using herbicides withdifferent sites of actionas a tank-mixture or as sequential treatments. For more information go to - frac.info/frac/menu.htm For additional information refer to our website: turfdisease.osu.edu Biocontrol Agents Urban use on lawns and grassy rights of way. Herbicides are used to control undesired plants on farms, in commercial forests, and on lawns and managed landscapes. These time-lapse photography videos show the effects of various herbicides on plants. PDF/X-1:2001 Table 1. Adapted from Ross and Childs (1996) and USDA; commercial names in italics. DINOT-Cond OpenType - PS Figure 1 and Table 1 present the ten herbicides most used on agricultural land in the U.S. Glyphosate and atrazine were applied to more than double the crop field acreage than the third leading herbicide, 2,4-D, in 2001. 0000025743 00000 n 0000092176 00000 n 0000026277 00000 n instructions or product description in the label. to multiple chemical families within a single mode of action, is common with ALS inhibitors. The bioavailability, uptake, and toxicity of herbicides and their metabolites during these exposures depends on factors such as temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen concentrations. 2330755113 The most common fungicide modes of action are Respiration Inhibitors (C) and Sterol Biosynthesis Inhibitors (G). Share It was developed by the Take Action Against Herbicide-Resistant Weeds industry program.. Six weeds, including common ragweed, marestail, giant ragweed, kochia, common waterhemp, and Palmer amaranth, have evolved resistance to glyphosate in Nebraska. Repeated use of herbicides with the same site of action can result in the development of herbicide . front of the herbicide label. A brief paragraph describes each mode of action and types of vegetation that the herbicide is often used to control. Figure 2. publicationherbicideweed control, Copyright 2019 Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/C715.pdf, Plant characteristics affecting weed control, Environmental characteristics affecting weed control, Application variables affecting weed control. Herbicides can act by inhibiting cell division, photosynthesis or amino acid production or by mimicking natural plant growth hormones, causing deformities (Ross and Childs 1996). and/or potassium salts. synthesis inhibitors (mesotrione, isoxaflutole) are also referred to as HPPD-inhibitors, They are applied Play. Herbicide is generally not systemic, but in some susceptible species young plants (e.g. Additional Information Author Joe Neal It provides a good starting point for finding pesticide use, occurrence, and effects data on the web. hormone-type herbicides in wheat, corn, sorghum, and pasture settings. The database can be sourced through www.apvma.gov.au. Applied pre-planting to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds among crops such as corn and soybeans. Mode of Action Classification IRAC promotes the use of a Mode of Action (MoA) Classification of insecticides and acaricides as the basis for effective and sustainable resistance management. University of Missouri Extension is an equal opportunity/access/affirmative action/pro-disabled and veteran employer. Applied to control grasses and broadleaf weeds in crops such as beans, peanuts, cotton and tobacco. photosynthesis, amino acid synthesis. USGS (2010) Glyphosate herbicide found in many midwestern streams, antibiotics not common. Herbicide Mode of Action (MoA) classifications will be updated to align with the new globally aligned system. 514246571 Adobe InDesign CC 2015 (Macintosh) HRAC has produced a poster of herbicide structures grouped by their mode of action. Herbicide metabolites can have toxicity similar to that of the parent herbicide and are often found in higher concentrations (USGS 2010). When the email list server sends an email response, just send back a reply to finish the process. 2017-01-18T11:33-06:00 0000025341 00000 n uses for preplant and in-season weed control in broadleaf crops. Herbicide mode of action is a term that generally describes the plant process (e.g., photosynthesis) or enzyme (e.g., ALS) that is disrupted by the herbicide. Refer to Table 2 (pp. For example, acrolein has been applied to irrigation ditches at levels sufficient to be acutely lethal to fish and invertebrates (see acrolein in U.S. EPA 2009), and if not properly applied to fields it can cause kills in receiving waters. Content last updated: June 30, 2022. Atrazine is part of the triazine chemical class which includes simazine and propazine due to their common mechanism of toxicity. You can print this poster in large format for the wall. Figure 3. Herbicides can act by inhibiting cell division, photosynthesis or amino acid production or by mimicking natural plant growth hormones, causing deformities (Ross and Childs 1996). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 53(1):22-35. 0000013399 00000 n PostScript 2330755113 Secure .gov websites use HTTPS The mode of action is the biological process that is affected by the herbicide, e.g. It also has been contended that some herbicides, particularly atrazine, have specific mechanisms of action in aquatic frogs and fish, including developmental abnormalities (Hayes et al. Its IUPAC name is 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, its molecular formula is C 9 H 10 C l2 N 2O, and molecular weight is 233.1. mode of action, contact your local county extension educator for clarification. Application methods include spraying onto foliage, applying to soils and applying directly to aquatic systems. Discretion should be used when excluding herbicides as a candidate cause, and the specific conditions of the case should be considered. uuid:5ca0d408-f831-8c4b-9fde-e8ceeda44aef Larson DL, McDonald S, Fivizzani AJ, Newton WE, Hamilton SJ (1998) Effects of the herbicide atrazine on, Lydy MJ, Linck SL (2003) Assessing the impact of triazine herbicides on organophosphate insecticide toxicity to the earthworm. The conceptual diagram and other information also may be useful in Step 3: Evaluate Data from the Case. These synthetic growth hormones are applied to the foliage of dicots and transported to meristems causing uncontrolled growth. xmp.did:5972fdbc-bd87-422d-897d-6fce396ad285 1997), Reduced emergence at 20 ug/L (Dewey 1986), Shift in emergence period at 20 ug/L (Dewey 1986), Reduced abundance at 20 ug/L (Dewey 1986), Resistant to atrazine up to 100 ug/L (Dewey 1986), Increased larval stage duration, reduced weight and body size (Larson et al. @QAAFI scientists have mapped the Hass avocados genome to understand why it is exceptional in tas https://t.co/C0lsj67gwG, Level 1 Maddocks House40 Macquarie Street,Barton ACT 2600, Herbicide Resistance Management Strategies, clodinafop (Topik), cyhalofop (Agixa*, Barnstorm), diclofop (Cheetah Gold* Decision*, Hoegrass), fenoxaprop (Cheetah, Gold*, Wildcat), fluazifop (Fusilade), haloxyfop (Verdict), propaquizafop (Shogun), quizalofop (Targa), butroxydim (Factor*), clethodim (Select), profoxydim (Aura), sethoxydim (Cheetah Gold*, Decision*), tralkoxydim (Achieve), imazamox (Intervix*, Raptor), imazapic (Bobcat I-Maxx*, Flame, Midas*, OnDuty*), imazapyr (Arsenal Xpress*, Intervix*, Lightning*, Midas* OnDuty*), imazethapyr (Lightning*, Spinnaker), bispyribac (Nominee), pyrithiobac (Staple), azimsulfuron (Gulliver), bensulfuron (Londax), chlorsulfuron (Glean), ethoxysulfuron (Hero), foramsulfuron (Tribute), halosulfuron (Sempra), iodosulfuron (Hussar), mesosulfuron (Atlantis), metsulfuron (Ally, Harmony* M, Stinger*, Trounce*, Ultimate Brushweed* Herbicide), prosulfuron (Casper*), rimsulfuron (Titus), sulfometuron (Oust, Eucmix Pre Plant*, Trimac Plus*), sulfosulfuron (Monza), thifensulfuron (Harmony* M), triasulfuron (Logran, Logran B-Power*), tribenuron (Express), trifloxysulfuron (Envoke, Krismat*), florasulam (Crest*, Gangster*, Paradigm*, Vortex*, XPand*), flumetsulam (Broadstrike, Thistrol Gold*), metosulam (Eclipse), oryzalin (Rout*, Surflan), pendimethalin (Freehand*, Stomp), prodiamine (Barricade), trifluralin (Bolta Duo*, Jetti Duo*, Treflan), dicamba (Banvel, Banvel M*, Barrel*, Casper*, Lawnweeder plus*, Lawn weedkiller*, Mecoban, Methar Tri-Kombi*, Nuturf Millennium*, Sandoban*), 2,4-D (Actril DS*, Amicide, Fallow Boss Tordon*, Methar Tri-Kombi*, Pyresta*, Vortex*), 2,4-DB (Trifolamine), dichlorprop (Lantana 600), MCPA (Agtryne MA*, Banvel M*, Barrel*, Basagran M60*, BuctrilMA*, Buffalo Pro Weedkiller*, Condor*, Flight*, Lawnweeder plus*, Lawn Weedkiller*, Midas*, Paragon*, Precept*, Quadrant*, Silverado*, Spearhead*, Thistrol Gold*, Tigrex*, Tordon242*, Triathlon*), MCPB (Legumine, Thistrol Gold*), mecoprop (Mecoban, Mecopropamine, MetharTriKombi*, Multiweed*). of Resistant Weed Species in U.S. Chemical . The total applied volume and area covered is greater but the frequency of application is much less than for farming (Shepard et al. Herbicide site of action refers to the specific biochemical or biophysical process in the plant that the herbicide disrupts to interfere with plant growth and development processes. Belden J, Lydy MJ (2000) Impact of atrazine on organophosphate insecticide toxicity. on a weed population and may eventually select for resistant individuals. Science of the Total Environment 248(2-3):157-167. Table 5. 0000220936 00000 n glyphosate-resistant crops, including corn, soybean, cotton, and canola. to prevent herbicide-resistance weed populations from developing. are also some products labeled for use in grass crops to control specific grass weeds. Sources associated with urban development (e.g., stormwater runoff) and industry (e.g., herbicide manufacturing plants) may discharge effluents containing herbicides into streams. This chart lists premix herbicides alphabetically by their trade names, This chart groups herbicides by their modes of action to assist you in, Corn and Soybean Mode of Action Herbicide Chart, U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program, INDEX to PESTICIDE TYPES and FAMILIES and PART 180 TOLERANCE INFORMATION of PESTICIDE CHEMICALS in FOOD and FEED COMMODITIES, Jamesdanieljonesiiithesis.Doc-After Defense, US EPA, Pesticide Product Label, Panther Trio Herbicide,07/23/2015, United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 5,716,901 Fenderson Et Al, Weed Management with Diclosulam in Strip-Tillage Peanut (Arachis Hypogaea)1, Tolerance of Peanuts to Alachlor and Metolachlor, US EPA, Pesticide Product Label, Panther Duo Herbicide,06/18/2015, (HPPD) Inhibitor-Resistant Palmer Amaranth in Glyphosate-Resistant Maize in eld Experiments Conducted in 2015 and 2016 in Nebraska, Usaa, Supporting Figure S11. Although herbicides in general have lower toxicity to animals than other pesticides, fish or invertebrate kills may be a sign of herbicide use. This is not meant to be a comprehensive bibliography of references dealing with herbicides, but rather is meant to highlight a few references that may be especially useful. Acute toxicity is likely only when they are deliberately or accidentally applied directly to water bodies. and were developed to consistently organize herbicides based on their mode of action. By knowing herbicide groups by their site of action (SOA) and herbicide effectiveness**, diversified herbicide programs can be developed. 2577315893 Both of these herbicides are ALS inhibitors, but belong to 0000126614 00000 n Kills also may be due to low dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations resulting from plant materials decomposing in water. Dewey SL (1986) Effects of the herbicide atrazine on aquatic insect community structure and emergence. Figure 4. This section presents an annotated bibliography of references providing information on stressor-response relationships for herbicides, as well as general background on herbicide properties. Folmar LC, Sanders HO, Julin AM (1979) Toxicity of the herbicide glyphosate and several of its formulations to fish and aquatic invertebrates. The changes will see a move away from a letter-based system to numerals. 0000096304 00000 n Inhibition of acetyl co-enzyme A carboxylase (ACCase inhibitors), Inhibition of acetolactate synthase (ALS inhibitors), acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS), * This product contains more than one active constituent, Disruptors of plant cell growth (Auxin mimics), Inhibition of photosynthesis at photosystem II D1 Serine 264 binders (and other non-histidine binders) (PS II Serine 264 inhibitors), Inhibition of photosynthesis at photosystem II D1 Histadine 215 binders, Inhibition of 5-enolpyruvyl shikimate-3 phosphate synthase (EPSP inhibition), Inhibition of carotenoid biosynthesis at the phytoene desaturase step (PDS inhibitors), Inhibition of deoxy-D-xyulose phosphate synthase (DOXP inhibitors), Inhibition of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO inhibitors), Inhibition of very long chain fatty acid synthesis (VLCFA inhibitors), Inhibition of photosynthesis at photosystem I via electron diversion (PSI electron diversion), Inhibition of 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD inhibitors), Inhibition of serine-threonine protein phosphatase (STPP inhibitors), Inhibition of solanesyl diphosphate synthase, * This product contains more than one active constituent, URL: https://croplife.org.au/resources/programs/resistance-management/herbicide-moa-table-4-draft-2/ This database has toxicity data for pesticides across many species. 1 0 obj <>]/Pages 3 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 2 0 obj <>stream
