1942: Saludos Amigos (1942) was released . So, the first . In terms of conventions, the mock newsreel in Casablanca uses the same style of voice-over used in newsreels (and in Citizen Kane). The Night of the Hunter - Charles Laughton. The name Max Steiner ought to be familiar to anyone who has ever glanced at the names written . It eventually became the most powerful and pervasive style of filmmaking worldwide. Fourth genre: the odyssey of refugees. Moving to London, Foreman said goodbye to his country, his . (Hitchcock's first American film (and his only Best Picture winner), Rebecca is a masterpiece of haunting atmosphere, Gothic thrills, and gripping suspense. So in Rick is dramatized the move from isolationism to intervention in Europe. University of Maryland Beverly Neufeld, adjunct professor of screenwriting at USC, points out, It speaks to anti-heroes, the times, a great love story without a happy ending, great characters and stakes.. A: As fans we'd never know what Paul Henreid had been through by his on-screen persona. fort hood cif inprocessing; bucks county inspector of elections candidates; lockdown limerick poem; boeing seattle badge office. Adapted from a manga series of the same name, this anime thriller puts a cyborg policewoman and her partner on the trail of a dangerous hacker. In "Casablanca," the so-called refugee trail led from Europe to America. He lists the various genres at play at the beginning of the film: 1. 1 Min Read. Due to the fact she is translucent for the duration of the film. But then, after she is rebuffed by Rick, she becomes a gun-wielding femme fatale, a conventional (and misogynistic) character-type in film noir movies. "Casablanca provides twenty-first-century Americans with an oasis of hope in a desert of arbitrary cruelty and senseless violence." [The success] was a big surprise to Warner, He told me that when I was co-producing Dirty Little Billy, his first co-production after selling the studio. The story is very interconnected. We can quickly tell the difference between a sitcom and a sonnet, and we know what to expect in each one. Memorable lines like, Heres looking at you, kid, were improvised. In doing so, she wont hesitate to even point a gun at Rick whom she loves so deeply. First, African music, then the Marseillaise. I Just Watched Adam's Package & Now I Can't Stop Being Smitten With Tim Mollen Watch Adam's Package For FREE on Tubi , Vudu , and Other Ad-based Video on Demand Services However, the propaganda genre is almost immediately succeeded by another genre. Required fields are marked *. Journal Entry #4: Now that you have viewed the entire movie describe to what genre the film belongs. 9/23 (1 hour 20 minutes to end) Raiders of the Lost Ark reviews Roger Ebert New . Nobody, including the actors, director, or writers knew how it would end until it was written days before it was shot. M - Fritz Lang. Although he portrayed a variety of roles in many genres of film, I think it's safe to say he is best remembered for the romantic, sophisticated leading man. Michael also served as a film critic for NightlifeKC and The Kansas City Star. Ta strona korzysta z ciasteczek aby wiadczy usugi na najwyszym poziomie. I Keep My Promises, Just as I Keep the Promises of Others). anno 1800 arctic quest . (Warner Brothers) Of all the classic Hollywood films, it's one of the best-known . - 2022-06-29 2022-06-29 At one point (around 1:21), Ilsa comes to plead with Rick about the letters of transit. And more importantly, he is the one leading the story through various arcs. Vertigo - Alfred Hitchcock. It uses animation to illustrate historical concepts. We see evidence of this genre mash-up starting at the beginning of the film. Klieg lights toppled over and shattered while shooting film noir lighting, so shadows were painted instead of created. Casablanca is one unique classic that continues to retain its reputation as an iconic film. It makes fun of the Nazis of World War II.. 22) Why is Casablanca considered a genre buster? why is casablanca considered a genre buster? This meant to be ironic and hypocritical, in that Petain has violated his promises to uphold the core values of France, particularly libert, egalit, and fraternit (freedom, equality, and friendship). The film is still relevant today and it is consider the standard for classic Hollywood. Laszlo is a famed rebel . His iconic look and acrobatic brilliance obscured the fact . manage list views salesforce. At the end of The 400 Blows, Truffant makes brilliant use of a freeze frame to indicate the uncertainty of his young protagonist's future. Similar or associated terms include classical Hollywood narrative, the Golden Age of . Casablanca, American film drama, released in 1942, that was loosely based on Murray Burnett and Joan Alison's unproduced play Everybody Comes to Rick's. Set during the Civil War, it follows an engineer (Keaton) as he . The public turns against Lonesome Rhodes, the central character in A Face in the Crowd, when he says disparaging . Casablanca is also a musical, particularly in the middle section of the film, set at Ricks Caf. Chiaramonte explained that the opera-singing ghost, played by Shay Denison, was a challenge to pull off. Answer (1 of 4): Ultimately, you cannot ban someone from making movies. The film is also a reminder that justice and freedom come with a price. An important question is who decides the genres? Though the BMP report did not say so explicitly, the fact that the propaganda message was embedded in a film that sampled from so many other film genres was likely considered a positive thing, because instead of just sugar-coating the propaganda message, the film offers the viewers a box of chocolates with different flavors of that message. But it isnt long before the expatriate film yields to the war film (which is also related to the propaganda film). The General (1926) Silent film legend Buster Keaton co-wrote, co-directed, and stars in one of the era's biggest blockbusters. One of the greatest films ever madeperiodthis one practically set the standard for the war-torn romance genre thanks to the on-screen chemistry between Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid . In terms of themes, High Noon sticks to traditional western themes such as nobility, responsibility, love and bravery.No Country for Old Men on the other hand, focuses more on neo-noir themes . It doesn't contain the exciting genre staples (voice over narration, femme fatales, guns and byzantine plot) that many are accustomed to, but that's because Ray is more interested in content, not window dressing. cartman's criminal record; This is because Hollywood films are made to appeal to as many people as possible, so adding musical numbers to an action/suspense film (as in Casablanca) entertains those who like action/suspense films and those who like musicals. He is not bothered that the American Consul and the diplomatic bunch don't care for him. Film producers and studios also use genre. Paul Blyskal, a story analyst at Netflix, understands the concept from years of looking over material. At 28:52, a Spanish woman sings a song at Ricks. Laszlo is a famed rebel . (4pts) Star Power: Ingrid Bergman, Rex Harrison, Shirley MacLaine, George C. Scott, Omar Sharif, Alain Delon, Jeanne Moreau. Wartime restrictions on building supplies required the use of recycled set pieces from previous productions. The Exorcist ( 1973) *Part of the Collection: Original Exorcist Franchise. 1 Thriller - High Anxiety. An icon used to represent a menu that can be toggled by interacting with this icon. Rick Blaine (Humphrey Bogart), who owns a nightclub in Casablanca, discovers his old flame Ilsa (Ingrid Bergman) is in town with her husband, Victor Laszlo (Paul Henreid). The main reason why Casablanca still holds a place in film theory books, popular culture and oral tradition lies in its powerful storyline that easily gets through to people, featuring characters easy . Our primary example of genre film in this class is Casablanca (1942, Michael Curtiz). summer college programs for high school students 2022, newcastle city council planning department contact number, used suv for sale in craigslist new jersey, University Of Utah Football Recruiting 2022, who is running against chuck schumer in november 2020, disable secure boot windows 10 command prompt, turabian in text citation multiple authors. 5 1970sThe Godfather. It is neutral territory and acts as a place to fly to Lisbon. Ultimately, in the end, the french national anthem overtook the German national anthem. He labels these acts the Setup, Confrontation . why is casablanca considered a genre buster?beautiful death monster florencebeautiful death monster florence After watching it last night, I agree wholeheartedly. Its important to note that most Hollywood films borrow from multiple genres. But none of those can compare to Casablanca in a "best movie ever" discussion. yulee middle school dress code; divine illumination definition; process automation specialist superbadge step 3. university of birmingham bloomberg; montgomery advertiser obituaries today; food network the kitchen pork tenderloin; boston property tax records. and marked the start of a movie's soundtrack as a record genre. wnba female referees; olmec aztec maya, inca comparison chart. Genres continue to collide and coalesce. I stick my neck out for nobody, Rick says, declaring his independence. Finally write why you think this film is considered one of the great films of all time. But none of those can compare to Casablanca in a "best movie ever" discussion. On the poster we read the words: Je Tiens Mes Promesses Mem Celles Des Autres, which translates asI Keep My Promises, Just as I Keep the Promises of Others). Star Power: Ingrid Bergman, Rex Harrison, Shirley MacLaine, George C. Scott, Omar Sharif, Alain Delon, Jeanne Moreau. why is casablanca considered a genre buster? The romance, the film noir, the musical, the espionage film, the expatriate film: in the end, they are all subsumed into the genre of the propaganda film. Try to describe at least two facets that define Raiders as a specific genre. Stardust: Basically the Princess Bride with modern special effects and a bit more magic. Individual Impact. He basically starts off the movie saying, I dont help nobody. But by the end, hes sacrificing everything to take on the Nazis. The movie is based in a Moroccan setting but there is hardly any reference to Moroccan way of life. This is the most romantic and popular quote from Casablanca, and comes at the point where lsa and Rick are parting forever. She is just a simple woman making her loveless marriage work as a courtesy to her good-natured husband. For instance when he helps a Bulgarian couple flee to America. (4pts) It broke the mold of the Hollywood style. Buster Keaton, and Harold Lloyd. But it isnt long before we find ourselves in another film, in regards to genre. Other times, they are more incidental and designed to invoke a specific era or culture. 8 Best Thriller Movies to Stream on Disney Plus, 8 Highly Conceptual Movies that are Hard to Understand, 8 Best Gangster Movies Now streaming on Prime Video, Good Guy Or Bad Guy?! It uses animation to illustrate historical concepts. why is casablanca considered a genre buster? Casablanca is the story of a woman, Ilsa Lund (Ingrid Bergman), torn between two lovers, and between duty and love during World War II. The climax of this poignant tale of love will break your heart but in a very positive way. That is, everything must be subsumed into the war effort, including Hollywood entertainment films. steven rosenthal, md; optavia fueling substitutes; miller's lab pricing; japan golf association; motorsport manager designer stats; austin recht biography; snoqualmie valley soccer; camping world stadium renovation; The movie is based in a Moroccan setting but there is hardly any reference to Moroccan way of life. why is casablanca considered a genre buster? The General is a 1926 American silent film released by United Artists.It was inspired by the Great Locomotive Chase, a true story of an event that occurred during the American Civil War.The story was adapted from the 1889 memoir The Great Locomotive Chase by William Pittenger.The film stars Buster Keaton who co-directed it with Clyde Bruckman.. At the time of its initial release, The General . Best Picture-winning Casablanca (1942) . 2. The film takes place in Casablanca, Morocco (then a French . why is casablanca considered a genre buster? When the police arrest Signor Ugarte, he says I stick my neck out for nobody. Answer (1 of 6): All are equally competent and have produced top quality movies but if I had to select one among them, I would pick Warner Bros. Who gets to decide what is acceptable, and what. Bergman also insisted on being shot on her left side, a frustrating request for cinematographer Arthur Edison. The three act structure is a narrative model that divides stories into three parts Act One, Act Two, and Act Three, or rather, a beginning, middle, and end. Pellentesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. While most appreciate Casablancas efforts, not everyone considers it to possess the silver screen magic that so many say not enough to be regarded as the number one film, at least. Ultimately, in the end, the french national anthem overtook the German national anthem. Thus in two minutes five genres are evoked. The conclusion, in fact, is the greatest testimony to his altruism. Then, Ilsa enters the cafe, with her husband Victor Laszlo. official apple facebook. Aug. 29, 2012 7:15 p.m. New York- Casablanca is one of the most acclaimed classical Hollywood movies that managed to survive through time, increasingly attracting the interest of audiences. It is not . Casablanca is a 1942 American romantic drama film directed by Michael Curtiz, and starring Humphrey Bogart, Ingrid Bergman, and Paul Henreid.Filmed and set during World War II, it focuses on an American expatriate (Bogart) who must choose between his love for a woman (Bergman) or helping her and her husband (Henreid), a Czech resistance leader, escape from the Vichy-controlled city of . But this time around, they both know that it is done. The mysterious town of Casablanca; There is always a mystery surrounding the town of Casablanca. Apparently with unlimited funds, he stays in fancy hotels and meets the international set, making new friends easily. Along with Gone with the Wind and Citizen Kane, Casablanca is probably the greatest example of the classic Hollywood film.Shot entirely on Hollywood sets, using studio actors, directors, and writers, Casablanca perfectly displays the art of collaborative studio production, rather than the vision of a single, independent auteur. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. While A DAY AT THE RACES and ROOM SERVICE were still very good, their subsequent efforts were painfully ordinary and generally unfunny. 1942: Saludos Amigos (1942) was released . Questo sito usa Akismet per ridurre lo spam. "Play It Once, Sam. 22) Why is Casablanca considered a genre buster? There is only a spoonful of movies that enjoy such a reputation as Casablanca, the romantic war drama directed by Michael Curtiz which started winning over the world in late 1942.A standard inhabitant of 'top ten movies of all time' lists, this beloved classic is considered a part of the ABCs of filmmaking, taught and dissected in film schools from Vancouver to Auckland . Buster Keaton, and Harold Lloyd. It is simply chaotic and reeks of uncertainty. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); the dictatorial president of the Vichy regime (in non-occupied southern France), which collaborated with the Nazis. Lyrics, Song Meanings, Videos, Full Albums & Bios: Joytune, Heavenly Grace, Once Upon a Time, Entrancing Light, One Summer Morning, Gentle Love, The Snowfall, Heart . Casablanca is the opposite, a warm, beloved film that is unremarkable from a technical standpoint. A good movie should take its audience on a journey to expand their minds and open their hearts to all the possibilities in life. This is not background music: the song is front and center. The War persists and so does the pain of our protagonists heart. Casablanca is an exploration of the universal themes of love and sacrifice, but when the film was released in 1942, audiences viewed it as a political allegory about World War II.The film is set in December 1941, the month in which the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor.That attack changed the course of American history, awakening the nation from political neutrality and thrusting it into the . why is casablanca considered a genre buster? He is cold and arrogant. why is casablanca considered a genre buster? Stuck at crossroads from where its either love or responsibilities Ilsa Ingrid finely portrays a heroine who is in no way trying to do anything heroic. Active Format Description is occasionally incorrectly referred to as It is not . Why? 1943's Casablanca (#9), 1946's The . As in Citizen Kane, Curtizbegins the film with a mock newsreel. At the same time, it shows that remaining neutral (like the Vichy regime is neutral) is little more than collaboration with the great evil that is fascism. Ilsa Lund (Ingrid Lund) " Casablanca is a great script because it was written on the fly ," said Stu Kreisman, Cheers writer, Warner Bros. producer, and columnist at The Huffington Post. Oddly enough, Kael's salvos also helped Citizen Kane maintain its status as the greatest movie ever made, establishing it as the fulcrum on which debates about the nature of cinema as an art . It symbolized the fight between Germany and France. Casablanca. The film stops and waits for the song to finish. After the news bulletin, the film cuts to a round up of the usual suspects in Casablanca. It makes fun of the Nazis of World War II. 20th Century Studios. (4pts) It broke the mold of the Hollywood style. They either need a temporary escape or a desire to feel connected and inspired. At first, it wasn't received very well, but now it's considered one of the greatest films of all time. His best friend Renault views the man in stark contrast. Film-makers like Steven Spielberg (Schindlers List) and Quentin Tarantino (Inglorious Basterds) revise the evil Nazi war movie genre by depicting Nazis who were not one-sided, monolithically-evil antagonists. Some quotes from Casablanca are truly some of the most romantic and heartwarming quotes ever spoken in a film or otherwise. Carol Reed's "The Third Man" is a film that stood out to me this year. If they have the funding, and someone wants to give them resources, you cannot ban them from doing so. NATALIE BUSHE still finds it eminently quotable. But what makes Casablanca unique in this regard is that the director, Michael Curtiz, samples from more than the action/suspense and musical genres. It also stars Sigourney Weaver and Rick Moranis, and features Annie Potts . Won 2 Academy Award. No one making "Casablanca" thought . This film? In fact, Casablanca occupies the top three spots in the greatest movies of all time - that's how great it is. It reinforces American resolve in Europe by showing that the Nazis need to be opposed, and eventually defeated. Hello to all fellow film buffs! Now lets look at the end of the film. The basic ingredients to a quality film apply today just as they did back then an engaging story, plot twists, pacing and something thats overlooked, dialogue thats unique to each character. 5 1970sThe Godfather. (466). Nobody, including the actors, director, or writers knew how it would end until it was written days before it was shot. A lifelong fanatic of slasher movies, fantasy novels, and Pokemon. Its something you start to feel after reading a few dozen to a few hundred screenplays. Critical Analysis Prompts: Casablanca and Genre, Michael Curtiz and The Genius of the System, Michael Curtiz and The Genius of the System | English 245: Film Form and Culture, Inception and the Thinking Persons Blockbuster, Out-of-class writing for Inception and the Future of Film. I have actually watched a lot of old & independent & foreign movies, but there are some that I have never seen. Q: 22) Why is Casablanca considered a genre buster? airbnb sarasota downtown; payday 2 infinite equipment mod; conduct unbecoming a police officer examples; randomforestclassifier' object has no attribute estimators_ By . There is one prominent genre that Eco doesnt mention: the film musical. Humphrey Bogart as Rick Blaine. The film noir genre reappears at the end of the film, when Rick turns on Captain Renault (after it looked like Rick was turning on Ilsa and Victor), and they all head to the airport (1:39). The Godfather Trailer (HD) There were tons of notable films released in the 1970s, including Star Wars, Annie Hall, Alien, Apocalypse Now, and A Clockwork Orange. The film genre has changed: now we are watching an espionage film. It captures mans thirst for war, search for love, and mans greed, reflects Michael Selsman, industry veteran, producer, author of Lost on the Yellow Brick Road and former agent to Marilyn Monroe, Judy Garland, Truman Capote, Cary Grant, Jimmy Stewart, and Orson Welles. The Ending of Minority Report is a Dream? The audience is in fact left to judge the morality of the character through the lens of various other characters. When writers feel the need to develop rich character arcs, Casablanca is a master class, declares screenwriter, producer and USC School of Cinematic Arts professor Trey Callaway. Bogart was two inches shorter, requiring him to stand on blocks in their scenes together and during their iconic kiss. Why is Casablanca so popular among the Europeans? The movie had an all-star cast, which was considered legendary. Nominated 10. The Quiet Man: John Wayne and Maureen O'Hara. Casablanca is considered by many to be one of the best film ever made. What is the importance of the singing of the national anthems? Scout Tafoya, a film critic for RoberEbert.com, holds this opinion. Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman starred in the film, which is widely considered one of the greatest of all time. Ready to argue over the. By the time he became a movie actor, however, he'd resurrected his career, his life, several times. David Cronenberg is considered a pioneer of the body horror genre. It is simply chaotic and reeks of uncertainty. There is only a spoonful of movies that enjoy such a reputation as Casablanca, the romantic war drama directed by Michael Curtiz which started winning over the world in late 1942.A standard inhabitant of 'top ten movies of all time' lists, this beloved classic is considered a part of the ABCs of filmmaking, taught and dissected in film schools from Vancouver to Auckland . The story perfectly blends in two different plotlines. Or is it viewers? I am new to reddit, and as I love watching movies of all periods, genres and languages, I thought I'd best try my luck at this community. Bogarts wife offscreen accused him of having an affair with Bergman, a distraction he didnt need since he was already out of his element playing Rick Blaine. All three of the main characters are broken-hearted, not only because of each other, but because of what has happened to the world under the Nazi scourge. facebook android official. Can you tell me which of these I should definitely watch? After the war film genre has been established, we finally get inside Ricks cafe (everyone comes to Ricks), and the film reverts to the time-of-war expatriate film. It is the birthplace of various genres of cinemaamong them comedy , drama , action , the musical , romance , horror , science fiction , and the war epic and has set the example for other . So here are 12 reasons why Casablanca is Obviously the greatest movie of all time. " why is casablanca considered a genre buster?nwosu football roster. smorgon family rich list; construction labor shortage; wound care fellowship podiatry; race for profit chapter summaries; deerfield beach high school football game; Im going to call this genre the expatriate film, which focuses on the misadventures of people traveling in countries not their own, often highlighting their ignorance of local customs and chauvinistic regard for their own national traditions (in contrast to the traditions of the natives). We see evidence of this genre mash-up starting at the beginning of the film. the style of film originating in France; popular in the U.S. from 1940s through the 1950s; moody, shadowy, sad and often pessimistic. Shortly thereafter, she gets Sam the piano player to play the song she associates with Rick and Paris, As Time Goes By (32nd minute of the film). In general, youre looking for a compelling idea and a story with a strong narrative drive tension, surprise, and characters the viewer will care about., People watch movies for two reasons, said Sherry Hudak, actress/writer/producer at Reel Stories Real People. Most creative work fits nicely into a series of classifications. While some cinephiles consider classics such as "City Lights" (1931) or "Casablanca" (1942) as the height of the medium, many fans are more appreciative of newer Hollywood productions. Questo sito utilizza i cookies. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Nobody, including the actors, director, or writers knew how it would end until it was written days before it was shot. minneapolis crime statistics by race / blackpink members height in feet and weight / blackpink members height in feet and weight Q: 22) Why is Casablanca considered a genre buster? Laszlo is a famed rebel . Casablanca's message to the youth of the 1960s was that there was a secret stamp of approval for rebelliousness, hidden somewhere in American history. In fact, Casablanca occupies the top three spots in the greatest movies of all time - that's how great it is. The Rules of the Game (La Rgle du jeu) - Jean Renoir. The movie is based in a Moroccan setting but there is hardly any reference to Moroccan way of life. Your email address will not be published. As he says when justifying his choices (do read the piece), "Once any film has ever appeared on my S&S list, I consider it canonized." what was the temple of jupiter used for; is the solution of nh4f acidic, basic or neutral; is harry a common nickname for henry; wet wipes manufacturer in mexico; coosawattee river alligators; brothers osborne we're not for everyone tour setlist; In the figure of Rick, we have to combined genres: the time-of-war expatriate film and the propaganda film. Ill It has elements of history, comedy, drama, and action, and His film The Fly is a classic example. In reality, however, this message of Casablanca turned on itself for the youth of the 1960s. After a whole month of Film Noir for Noirvember, it . Like many authors, Harry Turtledove and Laura Frankos often reference the broad impact film, television, broadcast radio, live theater and their creators (or have had) on society. The Rules of the Game (La Rgle du jeu) - Jean Renoir. (4pts) It broke Access to over 100 million course-specific study resources, 24/7 help from Expert Tutors on 140+ subjects, Full access to over 1 million Textbook Solutions. The romantic drama with an exotic Moroccan backdrop was shot at Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank, but in sequence, for the sole reason that the second half of the screenplay was non-existent. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. the broken view tour dates; mike galley engine power 2021; te de manzanilla con chocolate; krdo weather lady; On the poster we read the words: Je Tiens Mes Promesses Mem Celles Des Autres, which translates as. live transfer final expense leads . Casablanca is the story of a woman, Ilsa Lund (Ingrid Bergman), torn between two lovers, and between duty and love during World War II. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Although he portrayed a variety of roles in many genres of film, I think it's safe to say he is best remembered for the romantic, sophisticated leading man. Its very good, but I dont believe its the best screenplay ever written, and I think youd basically have to find people who visit the TCM Cruise to find supporting evidence of the claim. None of the characters are one-dimensional Bogart (Rick) set the tone for many film characters to follow the broken-hearted, reluctant hero a man who is bitter about politics and refuses to take sides. With its black-and-white earnestness, hardboiled male lead, and . Interestingly, when the AFI List was first released in 1998, the slots of The Godfather and Casablanca were reversed, causing reason to suspect that the timeless facet is wearing off. There is nothing and absolutely nothing mediocre about this epic tale of romance. So here are 12 reasons why Casablanca is Obviously the greatest movie of all time. Based on Murray Burnett and Joan Allison's unproduced play, Everybody Comes . ac valhalla chepeham barred door; ibew jurisdiction map iowa; neil brown jr workout routine; les experts : miami saison 2 streaming vf Although, not the biggest hit during the initial phase of release, Michael Curtizs highly acclaimed Hollywood classic is more than just a love story. The cost exceeded the original budget of $878,000, totaling $1,039,000. 1. Along with Gone with the Wind and Citizen Kane, Casablanca is probably the greatest example of the classic Hollywood film.Shot entirely on Hollywood sets, using studio actors, directors, and writers, Casablanca perfectly displays the art of collaborative studio production, rather than the vision of a single, independent auteur.
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