(1999). 67, 10151022. Several mechanisms are involved in resistance of Helianthus to Orobanche cumana Wallr. Bot. 113, 321327. The insect herbivore as a predictive model in parasitic seed plant biology. Biochem. doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2009.06.009, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Flores, F., and Rubiales, D. (2009b). Divers. A factor from Azospirillum brasilense inhibits germination and radicle growth of Orobanche aegyptiaca. The development of mycoherbicides for the management of parasitic weeds of the genus Striga and Orobanchea review and recent results, in Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, ed. 20, 423435. In the following sections we describe the key developmental stages in the subterranean broomrape life cycle. Ilustration of broomrape life stages and mechanisms of control. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2007.03171.x, Klein, O., and Kroschel, J. Ann. Marker-assisted and physiology-based breeding for resistance to root parasitic Orobanchaceae, in Parasitic Orobanchaceae, eds D. M. Joel, J. Gressel, and L. J. Musselman (Heidelberg: Springer Berlin), 369391. Mol. Manage. A., and Stewart, G. R. (1978). Phytochemistry 72, 624634. Hortic. Those mechanisms kill the broomrape either by inducing toxic effects or by starving the parasite. 58, 29022907. Chemical signalling between plants: mechanistic similarities between phytotoxic allelopathy and host recognition by parasitic plants, in Chemical Ecology: From Gene to Ecosystem, eds M. Dicke and W. Takken (Dordrecht: Springer), 5569. In addition, the parasitic-specific receptor KAI2d that enables host detection in broomrapes has recently been identified. Phytoparasitica 31, 422. toria as a catch crop on Orobanche aegyptiaca seed bank. The dynamics of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) parasitism by Orobanche foetida. Effects of environment and sowing date on the competition between faba bean (Vicia faba) and the parasitic weed Orobanche crenata. doi: 10.1093/pcp/pcr176. Striga seed avoidance by deep planting and no-tillage in sorghum and maize. Mol. Being deprived of the initiation of autotrophic mode of life, the growth of broomrape seedling toward the host is only sustained by water absorption and remobilization of reserve nutrients from the seed perisperm and endosperm (Joel, 2000; Joel et al., 2012). Hamamouch, N., Westwood, J. H., Banner, I., Cramer, C. L., Gepstein, S., and Aly, R. (2005). 25, 9931004. Weed Sci. Chem. and their current disposition. Dehydrocostus lactone is exuded from sunflower roots and stimulates germination of the root parasite Orobanche cumana. 9, 200208. 81, 779781. not been previously reported. Symbiosis 15, 6170. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0434.2007.01307.x, Mabrouk, Y., Simier, P., Delavault, P., Delgrange, S., Sifi, B., Zourgui, L., et al. Using biotechnological approaches to develop crop resistance to root parasitic weeds. 58, 11871193. 26, 11661172. Planta 225, 10311038. Biol. Science 349, 540543. Ann. These plants are best known by their straw-yellow stems, which are completely free of chlorophyll and have blue, white, or yellow dragon-like flowers. Water relations, in Parasitic Plants, eds M. C. Press and J. Graves (London: Chapman and Hall), 125140. As a consequence of the high risk of establishment failure in the seedling, broomrapes have evolved germination strategies that predict establishment potential based on host chemodetection (Vaucher, 1823). Bot. Adv. doi: 10.1016/j.jplph.2010.08.011, Losner-Goshen, D., Portnoy, V. H., Mayer, A. M., and Joel, D. M. (1998). They are exuded by the crop to the rhizosphere under nutrient deficient conditions in order to promote symbiotic interactions (Akiyama et al., 2005). Eur. 2. Soil herbigation (saturating the soil with herbicides such as sulfonylureas) effectively controls preattached stages of broomrapes (Hershenhorn et al., 2009) but is hardly compatible with other agricultural cropping practices as detrimental for many crop seedlings for several weeks or months. Although broomrape pre-vascular connections benefits from host nutrients, the growth of broomrape in its way toward vascular cylinder is mainly sustained by consumption of seed reserves (Aber et al., 1983; Joel and Losner-Goshen, 1994; Joel, 2000). Lins, R. D., Colquhoun, J. (Berner et al., 1999; Ahonsi et al., 2003), a close relative of broomrapes, however, broomrape germination is not responsive to ethylene (Joel, 2000). Plant Prot. Rev. This lead us to build the list of the major feasible components that a model designed to quantify the effects of cropping systems on pest dynamics should include for specific broomrape control. Influence of soil moisture on activity and persistence of the strigol analogue GR 24. 70, 224229. Depending on the genetic background of the resistant host, the intrusive cells of broomrape seedling can be stopped at three different levels in their way of penetration through the root layers to achieve connection with the host vascular system. Once broomrape has established connection with the vascular system of its hosts, broomrape management should be performed quickly to abort at earlier stages the strong parasitic sink for nutrients and water. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/plant/broomrape, Illinois Wildflowers - One-Flowered Broomrape, University of California - Branched Broomrape. Promotion of suicidal germination is the technique used to induce broomrape germination with synthetic molecules in the absence of a host to which broomrape can attach, a technique lethal for the parasite as the broomrape seedling is unable to acquire autotrophy. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. 29, 391393. In addition long lived seed banks under physiological dormancy ensure that germination will occur when a suitable host in its correct stage of development is present nearby (Rubiales et al., 2009b). 18, 463489. Control 28, 110. B., Pron, T., Gauthier, M., Montiel, G., Veronesi, C., et al. doi: 10.1126/science.aab1140, Dadon, T., Nun, N. B., and Mayer, A. M. (2004). Isr. doi: 10.1017/S0960258500002671, Lpez-Bellido, R. J., Bentez-Vega, J., and Lpez-Bellido, L. (2009). Metabolites. doi: 10.1139/B10-057, Lechat, M. M., Brun, G., Montiel, G., Veronesi, C., Simier, P., Thoiron, S., et al. doi: 10.1007/s00299-005-0052-y, Amsellem, Z., Zidack, N. K., Quimby, Jr P. C, and Gressel, J. doi: 10.1017/S0960258510000371, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Cimmino, A., Evidente, A., and Rubiales, D. (2013). 60, 641650. 33, 787793. Differential response of pea (Pisum sativum) to Orobanche crenata, Orobanche foetida and Phelipanche aegyptiaca. Although analytical chemistry methods have failed to detect strigolactones in parasitic plants (Liu et al., 2014), transcriptome sequencing reveals that all known strigolactone genes, both synthesis and perception are present in broomrapes with apparently full-length proteins (Pron et al., 2012; Das et al., 2015). Weed Res. 27, 173178. Fernndez-Aparicio M, Delavault P, Timko MP. Resistance and avoidance against Orobanche crenata in pea (Pisum spp.) Zhang, Y., Luc, J. E., and Crow, W. T. (2010). (2012). Phytopathol. We are trying to predict the timing of germination of broomrape based on the soil temperature and moisture, Mesgaran said. The attachment organ of the parasitic angiosperms Orobanche cumana and O. aegyptiaca and its development. Broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) Int. Although some examples of successful control do exist for some crops, the majority of commercially available control methods are either not fully effective or not applicable to many of the affected crops, especially in the case of low-input crops (Joel, 2000). 7:135. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00135. 42 5760. 10. Sci. Kroschel, J., Mueller-Stoever, D., Elzein, A., and Sauerborn, J. Inhibition of shoot branching by new terpenoid plant hormones. National Library of Medicine Ecological of weed seed size and persistence in the soil under different tilling systems: implications for weed management. Evaluation of the pathogenicity of microorganisms isolated from Egyptian broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca) in Israel. Solute fluxes from tobacco to the parasitic angiosperm Orobanche cernua and the influence of infection on host carbon and nitrogen relations. Agronomie 23, 359362. Broomrape seed bank remains viable in the soil for many years until germination is triggered by the coincidence of several physical and chemical factors that are indicative of environmental conditions for successful seedling establishment: i.e., the nearby growth of a host plant in a physiological stage susceptible for broomrape invasion and subsequent parasitic reproductive growth (Linke and Saxena, 1991; Lpez-Granados and Garca-Torres, 1996, 1999). We reviewed relevant facts about the biology and physiology of broomrape weeds and the major feasible control strategies. Haustorium initiation and early development, in Parasitic Orobanchaceae, eds D. M. Joel, L. J. Musselman, and J. Gressel (Berlin: Springer), 6174. Bot. 60, 295306. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2009.00742.x, Rubiales, D., Fernandez-Aparicio, M., and Rodriguez, M. J. doi: 10.1006/anbo.1996.0385, Drr, I., and Kollmann, R. (1995). 28 Articles, This article is part of the Research Topic, Specialized Mechanisms in Broomrape Weeds for a Parasitic Mode of Life, Control Strategies Targeting Underground Broomrape Stages, http://www.terresinovia.fr/orobanche/carte.php, www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPP/IPM/Weeds/Issues/orobanche.htm, www.epa.gov/opprd001/inerts_list4Bname.pdf, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Effect of N-application on sorghum growth, Striga infestation and the osmotic presure of the parasite in relation to the host. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.1971.tb01006.x, Stewart, G. R., and Press, M. C. (1990). Correlated evolution of life history and host range in the nonphotosynthetic parasitic flowering plants Orobanche and Phelipanche (Orobanchaceae). Bioinspired chitinous material solutions for environmental sustainability and medicine. Chlorsulfuron resistant transgenic tobacco as a tool for broomrape control. Phelipanche aegyptiaca management in tomato. 83, 453458. Broomrape management elsewhere Israeli cooperators have been working on broomrape management for several decades Eizenberg, Goldwasser, and others Weed is not eradicated, but is managed to an acceptable level Management is based on carefully -timed and -placed herbicides to disrupt key broomrape life stages Crop Prot. Weed Res. Keywords: On the contrary, weedy broomrape species are usually generalists attacking annual crops (Schneeweiss, 2007). Agric. doi: 10.1021/jf5027235, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Kisugi, T., Xie, X., Rubiales, D., and Yoneyama, K. (2014). Weed Res. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.1996.tb01807.x, Atsatt, P. R. (1977). Induction of phenolic compounds in pea (Pisum sativum L.) inoculated by Rhizobium leguminosarum and infected with Orobanche crenata. broomrape and bursage relationship. 171, 501523. During the grafting between host and parasite, broomrape assumes the role of a root, orientating vascular tissues from the host shoot into itself (Bar-Nun et al., 2008). Biochem. 2022 Mar 23;13:733116. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.733116. 89, 177181. Epifagus means "upon beech," derived from "epi," upon, and "fagus," the genus of beech; virginiana refers to "Virginia.". N-substituted phthalimides as plant bioregulants. Westwood, J. H. (2013). J. Microbiol. The crops affected depend on the host range of the broomrape species considered but in general, those in the Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Apiaceae, Fabaceae, or Solanaceae such as sunflower, oilseed rape, carrot, faba bean, or tomato among many others, sustain the major attacks (Parker and Riches, 1993). (2012). (2006). Plakhine, D., Ziadna, H., and Joel, D. M. (2009). 13, 478484. (2005). Careful selection of the non-host component in the intercrop is, however, required as some plant species can act as non-host facilitators and therefore increase the severity of broomrape infection in the host component (Gibot-Leclerc et al., 2013). doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.1996.tb01669.x. Plant Microbe Interact. Sources of natural resistance based on reduced release of haustorium-inducing factors is a doubly interesting strategy to inhibit broomrape parasitism because not only it prevents broomrape parasitism in the current crop, but also it promotes the demise of the seed bank by promoting suicidal germination. doi: 10.1094/MPMI-01-12-0006-R, Aviv, D., Amsellem, Z., and Gressel, J. 47, 4453. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Phytochemistry 34, 3945. Due to the small size of the seeds and their inability to develop autotrophy, the establishment probability of broomrape seedlings is very low. Plant Growth Regul. (A) Fructification and dehiscence of capsules containing mature seeds; (B) microscopic view of a seed (size ranging 0.2-2 mm) that undergoes sucessive dispersal, primary dormancy and annual release of secondary dormancy; (C) broomrape embryo does not develop morphologycaly identified cotyledons or shoot meristem and . The .gov means its official. MeSH doi: 10.1093/jxb/ern316. and other fungi as biological control agents of broomrape (Orobanche ramosa). Control 15, 274282. It's a cute little bird - the Phainopepla. Foy, C. L., Jain, R., and Jacobsohn, R. (1989). Phytopathol. (2001). Biosynthesis and action of ethylene. doi: 10.1016/j.pbi.2010.04.011, Yoneyama, K., Xie, X., Kim, H. I., Kisugi, T., Nomura, T., Sekimoto, H., et al. 10, 107114. J. Escape and true resistance to crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata Forsk.) Jan 07, 2016. scott lewis fox 2 detroit. government site. For broomrape control, this system seeks the simultaneous cultivation of susceptible host species with inhibitory species of broomrape parasitism. In addition, the biological similarity between host and parasite characterizing broomrape-crop interactions is higher than in other plant pathosystems, which complicates the development of selective methods to control broomrape, without harmful effect in the crop from which it is feeding (Eizenberg et al., 2006; Hearne, 2009; Yoder and Scholes, 2010; Prez-Vich et al., 2013). doi: 10.1021/jf991145w, Panetta, F. D., and Lawes, R. (2005). 111, 579586. The best studied group of germination-inducing factors are strigolactones, a group of terpenoid lactones. 125, 9297. control in pea (Pisum sativum L.) by foliar applications of benzothiadiazole (BTH). Expression of sarcotoxin IA gene via a root-specific tob promoter enhanced host resistance against parasitic weeds in tomato plants. Parker, C. (2014). 2020 Sep 11;9(9):1184. doi: 10.3390/plants9091184. Egyptian broomrape (Phelipanche aegyptiaca) response to silicon nutrition in tomato (Solanum . It is well-established in autotrophic plants that abscisic acid (ABA) acts as a positive regulator of induction of seed dormancy and its maintenance and gibberelins (GAs) antagonizes with ABA, promoting dormancy release and subsequent germination (Finch-Savage and Leubner-Metzger, 2006). Natural pesticides derived of microbial and plant origin are considered to be less harmful because they usually biodegrade quicker, resulting in less pollution-related problems. However, the overall productivity of the host-parasite system is also reduced due to the shorter growing period being detrimental for crop yield. Abu-Irmaileh, B. E., and Labrada, R. (2009). 122, 275281. 36, 113121. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1993.tb01802.x, Slavov, S., Valkov, V., Batchvarova, R., Atanassova, S., Alexandrova, M., and Atanassov, A. All rights reserved. Beechdrops are an annual that forms thin, often purple-tinged, yellow-brown 12-inch or taller stems with . doi: 10.1560/E2KB-FM11-X4U2-YC9J, Bar-Nun, N., Sachs, T., and Mayer, A. M. (2008). Please select which sections you would like to print: Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. (2002). Bookshelf Effect of amino acid application on induced resistance against citrus canker disease in lime plants. Delayed sowing date is a traditional method that can show high degree of success on inhibiting parasitism if implemented correctly (Lpez-Granados and Garca-Torres, 1996; Rubiales et al., 2003a; Prez-de-Luque et al., 2004; Grenz et al., 2005). doi: 10.1002/ps.1706, Keywords: integrated pest management, Orobanche, Phelipanche, parasitism, germination, haustorium, plant recognition, seed bank, Citation: Fernndez-Aparicio M, Reboud X and Gibot-Leclerc S (2016) Broomrape Weeds. The majority of strategies aimed to manage autotrophic weeds do not necessarily work for broomrapes and those that provide a degree of success for broomrape need to be optimized for each broomrape-crop species combination, local environmental conditions and broomrape population.
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