rule and since independence, have often reflected preexisting Idi Amin was also from north Uganda, but was of the Kakwa people. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators Updates? 116-25 Section 3101, requires electronic filing by exempt organizations in tax years beginning after July 1, 2019. Acholi's role in the colonial economy was confined mainly to the peasant production of cotton as a cash crop and the provision of recruits for the colonial army or police and migrant labor for the more "developed" Buganda. Bor Lango Organizational Politics. The personal and group loss resulting from death is acknowledged as real and permanent. Since independence, formal schooling has provided a strong socializing influence from outside the home for more and more Acholi, especially those attending secondary school. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyse and understand how you use this website. . More "Acholi Estimated at 1,470,554 (4.4 per cent in the 2014 census). [16] In addition, the people have important rituals for cleansing homes and sites, to welcome back people who have been away a long time, to clear spirits from places where killings have occurred, and to welcome people who have been captive. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. Individual antecedents of political behavior include political . Encyclopedia of World Cultures. (1988). One illustration of this is the various spirit-possession-based millennial (and military) movements that have been prominent in Acholi during the extremely difficult period of the late 1980s and early 1990s, most famously the Holy Spirit Movement of Alice Lakwena. comparably flat. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used The Canadian government, for instance, will be more inclined to fund an organisation whose mandate is continental Africa rather than an association with a very narrow focus on Acholi problems. Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo and Pader. The Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) under the leadership of Joseph Kony has waged a war against Yoweri Museveni's government. It is The Social Origins of Violence in Uganda, 1964-1 985. [6] While Acholi also lives north of the South Sudanese border, the Sudanese Acholi are often excluded from the political meaning of the term "Acholiland". The essential lawlessness of the Idi Amin and second Milton Obote regimes, however, as well as of the various rebel groups, the Ugandan army, and Karamojong raiders (who have been active in Acholi since the mid-1980s) have led to a breakdown of any meaningful social control in the area. This included both agricultural and hunting land. During this period of growing integration into the colonial trade routes, the Acholi chiefdoms Spirits of both of these types were generally beneficent. . "Kony's Message: A New Koine?". Acholi live in Northern Uganda, in the districts Kitgum, Pader and Gulu. They also oversaw village-lineage ritual and chiefdomwide ritual, were the main advisors to their rwot, and were responsible for most of the social control exercised in Acholi. Identification. Our interactive map highlights countries most at risk of genocide and mass killing. It was filmed by Australian director Ebony Butler, Simon Hardwidge and Ugandan author Frey Onen. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. [25], Some of the groups in Acholi, like the UPDA, detested the Museveni regime because it had overthrown the government in which they served. portrayed this relationship in his account as rather hostile and negative: Most of these Arabs carrying business of slave trade were coming from Egypt, they Despite their common language and ethnic designation, the Acholi of Uganda and the southern Sudan have distinct origins and developed along different historical trajectories; the remainder of this cultural summary will focus on the more populous Uganda Acholi. state, political organization of society, or the body politic, or, more narrowly, the institutions of government. ETHNONYM: Karanga (historical) World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples. It does not correspond to any user ID in the web application and does not store any personally identifiable information. Relatively small numbers of Acholi have filled middle-level or senior civil-service positions in independent Uganda. NRA in 1986. Hansen, Holger B., and Michael Twaddle, eds. colonial times, were the Acholi stood often in opposition to the British colonial rule, the starting However, this rebellion was defeated when it attempted to attack ETHNONYMS: Balumbila, Batoka, Batonga, Bawe, Toka [26][27], The NRA managed to defeat all the rebel groups except the LRA which culminated in a 20-year conflict. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. T(h)uri Kumam Much of that hierarchy continued into the independence era. When Britain established its rule during the early twentieth century, both ideological predisposition and practical utility prompted the colonizers to consider the Acholi a "tribe" and to administer the area as a "tribal" unit. ." "Is Alice Lakwena a Witch? The results showed that students had, On the one hand, languages are translatable, which can be demonstrated from different perspectives such as the general characteristics of language, the parallel linguistic, The purpose of this study was to examine the language attitudes and language practices of Arabic-speaking families living in the United States. 1 Northern Uganda or Acholiland is formally known as the Acholi sub-region, an area inhab-ited primarily by speakers of the Acholi language, whom I refer to as the Acholi. University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars - The University of Bradford Open Access repository. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. At the peak of the conflict, 90% of the Acholi population moved into IDP camps designed as protected villages. Central to the new order were a set of notions about political leadership in which chiefs (rwodi; sing, rwot ) shared power and decision making with the heads of chiefdoms' constituent lineages; a system of redistributive tribute within each polity, with the chief at the center; and royal, often rainmaking, drums as symbols of sovereignty and authority. came a new hierarchy of chiefs, clerks, and policemen, all under the In precolonial Acholi, lineage heads and elders were most responsible During the later nineteenth century, the emergent Acholi became involved in the international trade in ivory and slaves, which were exchanged mainly for cattle, beads, blankets, cotton cloth, and firearms. formations in the form of chiefdoms and kingdoms by the end of the first millennium A.D. and slave trades, and the firearms that accompanied them, conflict In response, Musevenis government forced 1.4 to 1.9 million civilians into camps where they ostensibly were to be protected by the Ugandan army. [26], In 2016, the multi award-winning film, A Brilliant Genocide was produced. This complex process was helped along by two major droughts, probably during the 1720s and c. 1790, which promoted larger-scale political leadership that held the promise of greater stability and security, and by the formation of neighboring identities against which members of an emergent Acholi could compete, compare, and define themselves. Encyclopedia.com. settle disputes that involved more than one lineage. and created larger political Recognized compensation and reconciliation procedures seem to It has similarity with Alur, Padhola language, and other Luo languages in South Sudan Shilluk, Anuak,Pari, Balanda, Boor, Thuri. These include Christian marriage (with or without bride-wealth), elopement, and single parenthood. [22], In January 1986, the junta government of Gen. Tito Okello-Lutwa in Uganda was overthrown by Museveni and his NRA rebels. Sons have traditionally learned about farming, hunting, herding, and lineage and chiefdom traditions from their fathers and other lineage males; girls learn farming and domestic duties from their mothers. The combination of the two events, have put pressure on the LRA to lay down its arms. "State Formation in Acholi: The Emergence of Obbo, Pajok, and Panyikwara States c. The word 'Acholi' is a misnomer that became adopted for convenience over the years. Historically, the most important public ceremonies were probably those associated with birth, planting, harvesting, and the killing of a large animal or another human being. It was also during this period that the name Acholi was coined by the Arab traders, calling The rwot was the most important political, economic and social personality in the political entity of 'chiefdoms', which were installed in Acholiland in the late seventeenth, early eighteenth century. The conflict had dramatic effects on the local Crazzolara, J. P. (1950-1954). The Acholi of Uganda: Adjustment to Imperialism. The 1980 population of the Uganda Acholi was approximately 580,000 (Kasozi 1994, ii), up from some 465,000 in 1969 (Langlands 1971), perhaps 125,000 in 1900 and about 100,000 at the end of the eighteenth century (Atkinson 1994, 275-281). Wright, A. C. A. Then in Kenya and Tanzania are the Joluo also known as the Luo. Diversity Management in Sudan's Democratic Transitional Arrangements: Technical Paper 1, January 2023. With the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in Sudan in 2005, and the establishment of the ex-rebel government in newly independent South Sudan in territory in which the LRA once operated freely, those lines of support have been substantially weakened, if not severed altogether. The women have accomplished agriculturists, growing and processing a variety of food crops, including millet, simsim, groundnuts, peas, sorghum and vegetables. Subsistence and Commercial Activities. Acholi: Talking Politics in Northern Uganda Many Ugandans follow politics with keen interest, and President Yoweri Musevei's 34-year tenure notwithstanding, politics is a frequent topic of in-depth conversation and spirited debate among friends and acquaintances, and my conversations with my mentor are no exception. All affines, meanwhile, are known as "mother." friendly, but after the inception of the British Protectorate of Uganda in 1894, which included Given the low population densities and minimal land pressure, almost anyone who was willing to clear and work unused land has been welcomed by lineage heads responsible for such land and, while they functioned, by the rwodi of chiefdoms within whose domains the land lay. Since independence, a relatively few Acholi army officers have managed Acholi have played a pivotal role in the turbulent post-independence era. Museveni has held absolute power since, surviving unrest, civil war, and numerous attempts at coups. The LRA received much of its financial, logistical and military support from the Khartoum government in neighbouring Sudan. Both Protestant and Catholic missionaries were active in Acholi from early colonial rule, providing written Luo religious, educational, and historical texts and producing a local educated elite, all of which fostered the further development of an Acholi identity within the colonial context of "tribal" culture, consciousness, and politics. The Acholi are the descendants of a variety of Luo-speaking peoples who are believed to have migrated three or four centuries ago from adjacent areas of what is now South Sudan into what is now the Acholi district of Uganda. Uma, F. K. (1971). (1936). Despite the years of leadership by men from the North, that region continued to be marginalized economically after independence, and has suffered higher rates of poverty than other areas of the country. "Some Notes on Acholi Religious Ceremonies." (Ugandan Parliamentary Committee on Defence and Internal Affairs 1997. Over the second half of the nineteenth century, Acholi was incorporated into international trade networks through the activities of northern, Arabic-speaking ivory and slave traders. the Lords Resistance Army (LRA), echoing some of the spiritual themes used by the Holy Spirit The cookie is used to store information of how visitors use a website and helps in creating an analytics report of how the website is doing. Specifically, this study explored, Living with Language. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. development of the chiefdom and clan system in the 17th and 18th century that is still a vital The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". This conflict lasted until 2008 and ended with the LRA fleeing to Eastern With independence, the Acholi remained marginal within the framework of Uganda as a whole, with one crucial exception: their disproportionate numbers in the police and army. Behrend, Heike (1991). The documentary was met with mixed reactions, with many people familiar with the situation dubbing it a shallow and money-grabbing scheme. Figure 5. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. M.A. prefix a- denoting the 1st Person Singular (Whitmire, 2013, p. 51). In Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change, edited by Holger B. Hansen and Michael Twaddle, 162-177. The Luo, (also spelled Lwo) are several ethnically and linguistically related Nilo-Semitic ethnic groups that inhabit an area ranging from Egypt and Sudan to South Sudan and Ethiopia, through Northern Uganda and eastern Congo (DRC), into western Kenya, and the Mara Region of Tanzania. Similarly, when Yoweri Musevenis National Resistance Army (NRA) took power in 1986, there were revenge killings and looting of livestock in the north of the country. Crazzolara, J. P. (1938). Among other provisions, this legislation specifically amended IRC Section 527 (j) to require the e-filing of Form 8872, Political . element of the social and political environment of the region. 30. The Acholi were considered a martial people by the British, and many joined the military. The camps caused misery and sufferingwith a conservative death toll of 1,000 people a week. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [1994], p. 80). Inheritance. identity is rather disputed. This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy McKenna. During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. B. Webster, eds. Omissions? "[20] They have continued to work to end the war through negotiation. There were the spirits of known relatives, especially lineage ancestors; a second type was the nonancestral jok of the chiefdom as a whole. According to the latest census, there are 1.47 million ethnic Acholi in Uganda, amounting to 4.4 per cent of the total population. In war, the men used spears and long, narrow shields of giraffe or ox hide. limited wealth in the society and redistribution. Each clan was administered by a council of elders chosen because of their outstanding military performance and because of their senior position in the community. In the past, medical problems were addressed through approaches to various spirits, by visits to diviners, and by the use of herbs, roots, and other folk medicines. London: Oxford University Press. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). supported them at first also regretted their support after seeing the sufferings of Acholi in This cookie is set by Stripe payment gateway. Its current population is estimated to be around 2.155,000 individuals, or six percent of the total national population. At its peak in 2005 over This term then Purifications or atonement practices are still performed by Acholi elders in some communities. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyse the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Approximately 2.1 million Acholi were counted in the Uganda census of 2014, and 45,000 more were living in South Sudan in 2000.[4]. The settlement of the Acholi in their current territory is compared to the ethnic groups in the This has continued in various guises ever since. Acholi conceive of death as an inevitable, personal defeat and tragedy, against which there is no ultimate defense. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. find its conclusion until the 19th century. From the Village to Entebbe: The Acholi of Northern Uganda and . collective identity evolved, and a common language (Luo) spread. (Atkinson, 2011 Political Organization. members of royal lineages, and lineage heads all seem to have been Instead, the Acholi were integrated in the They keep sheep and cattle but are not as committed to pastoralism as some other Nilotic peoples are. Since the British had set up their administrational centre in the Congo. He overthrew Obote's government and established a dictatorship, ultimately suppressing and killing 300,000 people, including many Acholi. Although polygyny has often been presented as an ideal, limited means have always made it rare in practice. "Acholi Makerere University (Kampala), Department of Geography. represents an income that averages several times that of a member of the for social control, though one of the attractions that assisted the The EU's External Democracy Action in a New Geopolitical Reality: Policy Brief. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. into the independence era. higher now, due to the ongoing growth in population. Women daubed the walls with mud, decorating them with geometrical or conventional designs in red, white or grey. The Population Geography of Acholi District. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Acholi men say, Property cant own property, and the notion of women having independent land rights is an anomaly to them. A.D. Of their history during this time only little is known. coming from the territory of present-day South Sudan over a period spanning multiple centuries. Latigo, James, "The Acholi Traditional Conflict Resolution in Light of Current Circumstances:". "Land Tenure in Acholi." Acholi officers now expected Obote to appoint an Acholi to replace Oyite Ojok. authority of a district commissioner. their inherited wealth to build up prominent twentieth-century families. 1orthern Uganda or Acholiland is formally known as the Acholi sub-region, an area inhab N - ited primarily by speakers of the Acholi language, whom I refer to as the Acholi. Tonga Identification. When the victorious NRA started violent acts of vengeance in the following years, The long civil war in the North has destroyed much of their society. 1679-1914." Latigo (2006), "Northern Uganda", p. 90-92, Branch, A. The first leader was Kuturia as mentioned Localized lineages have been the fundamental social units in Acholi, [18] It is important because it is intended to restore communities to balance, and to bring people back into relation in their home communities, where ideally they would return at the end of the war. The n, Mende groups, the Ugandan army, and Karamojong raiders (who have been active Then a final dance and feast takes place at a time chosen to make possible the maximum attendance by relatives and other interested people. The state is a form of human association distinguished from other social groups by its purpose, the establishment of order and security; its methods, the laws and their enforcement; its territory, the area of jurisdiction or geographic boundaries; and finally by its sovereignty . The thesis will centre not on the inevitability of the war, but will instead focus on the political processes that preceded it. Men have also traditionally played a significant role in agriculture, especially for such time-limited, labor-intensive tasks as clearing, planting, and harvesting (often as part of lineage-based cooperative labor teams). A rebellion in 1911 in response to the British confiscation of Acholi guns was the last large-scale conflict in Acholi until Amin came to power in 1971. [10], The Acholi are known to the outside world mainly because of the long insurgency of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) led by Joseph Kony, an Acholi from Gulu. Rwot, 'ruler'). When conflict did occur, however, it was usually limited in scope, with relatively few deaths. morphed into Chuuli, before finally becoming Acholi as it was applicated with the pronoun million first language speakers at the time. Hier sind Acholi-Frauen dafr bekannt, . population. Ironworking, mainly but not entirely confined to certain lineages, appears to be almost as ancient as agriculture, going back perhaps to the first millennium b.c. Sign up to Minority rights Group International's newsletter to stay up to date with the latest news and publications. The Acholi, a Nilotic Lwo-speaking ethnic group, live predominantly in the central region of northern Uganda, an space collectively named to known as Acholiland. neighboring peoples, was neither rare nor endemic. 3 vols. This cookie is set by doubleclick.net. fight the Arab slave traders and his colonial administration was viewed as not very invasive This special access to Uganda's security forces has alternately presented opportunity and danger as a succession of regimes replaced one another in a cycle of political violence often played out in ethnic (or "tribal") terms. During this time, people were separated from their land for long periods, and many people disappeared or were killed. Religious Practitioners. (February 23, 2023). By clicking 'Accept', you consent to the use of all the cookies. the nations capital Kampala in 1988. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Religion of the Central Luo. In such a context, the land rights of those with the least power widows, the disabled, the elderly were very insecure. LRA, after losing support from the local population, also turned on the people of northern against the central government. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Acholi have played a pivotal role in the turbulent post-independence era. "[9], Milton Obote, the first leader after independence, relied on Acholi Luo people and Langi Nilo Hamites or Ateker peoples in government. Even bride-wealth marriages are now often mainly nuclear-family affairs, and other alternatives to traditional marriage are common. interpolity interactions at the county level. Milton Obote (196271, 198085). Shilluk Acholi Occasional Paper no. 61). Traditionally, land rights were vested in localized patrilineal lineages, under the control and guidance of lineage heads and elders. The Acholi resisted the establishment of the When conflict did environment and larger distances between settlements kept the hierarchical structures All procedures are conducted with care, to attempt to ensure that the spirit of the departed does not become angry. Arab trading routes coming from the north, trading in goods, but also in slaves. Political Organization. Odongo, J. M. Onyango-ku-, and J. Due to its central location and the close 30 Chiefly authority was however not absolute, as power was shared with lineage elders ( ladit kaka) and political authority was mainly vested in Yet the northerners living in these squalid camps were prone to attack by the LRA and the national army alike, and unable to raise their own food. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. many of them children, the conflict led to the displacement of millions. //
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