Lumio JS. Common symptoms include headache, lethargy/fatigue, nausea, dizziness and confusion. One victim had an abnormal magnetic resonance spectroscopy scan. At moderate concentrations, angina, impaired vision, and reduced brain function may result. This leads to the conjecture that non-hypoxic mechanisms may be responsible for some of the effects. Penney D, Benignus V, Kephalopoulos S, et al. https://www.cpsc.gov/ko/content/what-you-should-know-about-using-paint-strippers. (110) and Bayer et al. Growth of the heart in health and disease. Effect of carbon monoxide on work and exercise capacity in humans. Beck HG. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Carbon monoxide poisoning Prevention guidance. Two cases of chronic carbon monoxide poisoning in children (122,123) have been discussed by White (86) and another (124) by Hay (90). Any person with some form of impaired oxygen uptake and delivery would be more sensitive to the acute hypoxic effects of carbon monoxide exposure. Chaloulakou A, Mavroidis I, Duci A. Indoor and outdoor carbon monoxide concentration relationships at different microenvironments in the Athens area. Worn or poorly adjusted and maintained combustion devices (e.g., boilers, furnaces) can be significant sources, or if the flue is improperly sized, blocked, disconnected, or is leaking. Levels of environmental carbon monoxide previously thought to be extremely low were shown to reduce birth weight in women exposed to carbon monoxide during the last trimester of pregnancy. [77] In animal model studies, carbon monoxide reduced the severity of experimentally induced bacterial sepsis, pancreatitis, hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury, colitis, osteoarthritis, lung injury, lung transplantation rejection, and neuropathic pain while promoting skin wound healing. The solubility of carbon monoxide in 37 ionic liquids and in some organic solvents has been determined using high-pressure (13)C NMR spectroscopy and it was shown that the rate of the hydroformylation of 5-hexen-2-one does not correlate with the CO solubilty, as expected from the determined relative solubilities of CO compared to H (2). Since outdoor air inevitably becomes indoor air, some consideration of carbon monoxide levels in outdoor air and their effects on humans are required. Solubility of Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen in Methanol and Methyl Formate: 298-373 K and 0.3-3.3 MPa. The original Hildebrand solubility parameter () is derived from the Cohesive Energy Density (CED) [4,5] V U 2 CED vap U vap is the energy of evaporation or the cohesive energy and V the molar volume. Raw GJ, et al. The results of our detailed pH-dependent studies are explained consistently by a mechanism in which. Vogel JA, Gleser MA. Junker M, Koller T, Monn C. An assessment of indoor air contaminants in buildings with recreational activity. A similar strategy was followed for a review of the health effects of chronic exposure. Average vital capacity was significantly less for members of Group A at any age than for members of Groups B or C. Average back strength was significantly less for members of Group A at age 3040 years than for same-age members of Group C. The difference from members of Group B was very large and significant over the entire age range of the two groups. Devine SA, et al. Was the victim exposed to sources of carbon monoxide such as uncontrolled fires, motor vehicles, fuel-burning heaters or other internal combustion engines in a poorly ventilated enclosed space? Urban angina in the mountains: effects of carbon monoxide and mild hypoxemia on subjects with chronic stable angina. Adams KF, et al. Exposure to higher levels of ambient carbon monoxide (> 6.4 mg/m3, 3-month average) during the last trimester was associated with a significantly increased risk for low birth weight (odds ratio (OR) 1.22; 95% CI 1.031.44) after adjustment for potential confounders, including commuting habits in the monitoring area, sex of the child, level of prenatal care, and the age, ethnicity and level of education of the mother. Hearing disturbances were noted in 78.3% of the patients suffering from chronic carbon monoxide poisoning. Helffenstein DA. Phosgene, useful for preparing isocyanates, polycarbonates, and polyurethanes, is produced by passing purified carbon monoxide and chlorine gas through a bed of porous activated carbon, which serves as a catalyst. All solubilities were measured with a constant pressure of 101.3 kPa (1 atm) of gas above the solutions. such sites. Armstrong & Cunningham (96) report on three cases of chronic carbon monoxide poisoning in young children and the functional and developmental effects that resulted. been selected on the basis of sound scientific judgment. Carbon monoxide has also been used as a lasing medium in high-powered infrared lasers. In both accidental exposure and epidemiological studies, toxic substances other than carbon monoxide were often present in the exposed person's inhaled air. 0000061045 00000 n [95] In 2005, the CPSC reported 94 generator-related carbon monoxide poisoning deaths. Measurements of solubility coeficients as obtained for CO or H, partialpressures oxabout 1 am Salinity Temperature Solubility coefficient p Gas S(%) range T("C) (x I O-, cm3 STP/crn3 H,O atrn) Authors co 0 0-80 27-38 0-30 H2 0 0-50 0 0-30 0 0-30 2740 0-30 World production of this compound was estimated to be 2.74 million tonnes in 1989.[71]. Use caution when working with solvents in a closed area. gabor.laurenczy@epfl.ch. Carbon monoxide and physical work capacity. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate; Nagoya, Japan. Lee K, Park E. Residential air quality in wood burning houses in Costa Rica; Proceedings of Indoor Air 2002, The 9th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate; Monterey, CA. "Mayo," "Mayo Clinic," "MayoClinic.org," "Mayo Clinic Healthy Living," and the triple-shield Mayo Clinic logo are trademarks of Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. The standard free energy value is -257.2kJ. Journal of the American Medical Association. Other recent reviews on carbon monoxide exposure are available in monographs by Penney (7981) and Kleinman (6). This study provides evidence that exposure to higher levels of ambient contaminants, particularly carbon monoxide, increase the risk of hospital admissions for CVD. Thyagarajan MS, Gunawardena WJ, Coutinho CMA. Thom SR, Ischiropoulos H. Mechanism of oxidative stress from low levels of carbon monoxide. MRI and h correlates of carbon monoxide exposure: a case report. There was also a diminution of the sense of smell. Thus, it is not surprising that physiological mechanisms have evolved to compensate for its presence in mammalian blood and tissues. (157) assessed the association between ambient air pollution and daily elementary school absenteeism in Washoe County, Nevada in the period 19961998. Can cause flu-like symptoms that clear up after leaving home. These effects are enumerated in detail by Benignus (184) and physiological effects and interactions have also been quantitatively estimated in interesting cases by Benignus (186) using computerized mathematical models of physiological function. Real-time concentrations of CO and NO. NIST Standard Reference A study of the effect of protracted occupational exposure to carbon monoxide: with special reference to the occurrence of so-called chronic carbon monoxide poisoning. K=T%&] ST-segment changes), Chronic epidemiological studies of cardiovascular morbidity (heart attack, congestive heart failure , ischaemic heart disease), Limited or suggestive evidence of a relationship, Low birth weight, congenital defects and infant mortality, Excursions to this level should not occur more than once per day. E-mail: The human microbiome produces, consumes, and responds to carbon monoxide. Carbon Monoxide, Hydrogen Sulfide, and Nitric Oxide as Signaling Molecules in the Gastrointestinal Tract.pdf . The subject material comprises the results of the examination of 135 patients of which 71 are certain, pure chronic carbon monoxide cases. Likewise, blast furnace gas collected at the top of blast furnace, still contains some 10% to 30% of carbon monoxide, and is used as fuel on Cowper stoves and on Siemens-Martin furnaces on open hearth steelmaking. If you think you or someone you're with may have carbon monoxide poisoning, get into fresh air and seek emergency medical care. 1998 Marjory Stephenson Prize Lecture", "The application of carbon monoxide in meat packaging needs to be re-evaluated within the EU: An overview", "Proof in the Pink? Exposure to high, potentially lethal levels are not considered here at any length and delayed effects are not examined because neither would be seen in indoor carbon monoxide exposure situations under normal circumstances. Studies concerning accidental or peak exposures are presented separately in Table 2.2. Air quality guidelines for Europe, 2nd ed. Chem. Technology, Office of Data At the present time, the strength of the evidence for important health outcomes is as summarized in Table 2.4. It was found that the tunnel workers experienced a 35% excess risk compared with the New York City general population; among the less exposed bridge workers the risk was not elevated. In developed countries, the most important source of exposure to carbon monoxide in indoor air is emissions from faulty, incorrectly installed, poorly maintained or poorly ventilated cooking or heating appliances that burn fossil fuels. Mayo Clinic is a not-for-profit organization. Rat studies were highly consistent but demonstrated statistically significant effects only when COHb exceeded about 20%. [70] Large quantities of aldehydes are produced by the hydroformylation reaction of alkenes, carbon monoxide, and H2. Thus for a specific environmental case of interest, mathematical simulations can be done to estimate protective regulatory decisions. Behaviourally or physically impaired people exposed to carbon monoxide could also endanger others in their vicinity. Data compilation copyright Benignus VA, et al. The early studies of Beck (98,99), Lindgren (100), Barrowcliff (101), Wilson & Schaeffer (102), Davies & Smith (103), Trese et al. Simulation of working population exposures to carbon monoxide using EXPOLIS-Milan microenvironment concentration and timeactivity data. Akland GG, et al. The boiling point of CO is -191.5 . Haldane J. In a massive epidemiological study, Ritz & Yu (155) studied a cohort of 125 573 singleton children born in Los Angeles. Solubility of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and 1-octene in various solvents and solvent mixtures Purwanto, R. Deshpande, R. V. Chaudhari, H. Delmas Chemistry 1996 The solubility of H2 has been measured as a function of pressure in ethanol + water and various solvents at (298 and 323) K. The amount of dissolved carbon monoxide in blood would seem to be highest for high-level carbon monoxide exposure. Carbon monoxide is not detectible by humans either by sight, taste or smell. Exercise temperature plateau shifted by a moderate carbon monoxide poisoning. The final dose for carbon-monoxide-induced hypoxic effects is thus seen to be some measure of tissue oxygenation. Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. It was found that platelet activating factor was involved in the adherence of neutrophils to brain endothelium after carbon monoxide poisoning and that the process required nitric-oxide-derived oxidants (163). in a third-party publication (excluding your thesis/dissertation for which permission is not required) (70oF). Helfaer & Traystman (71) reviewed the cerebrovascular effects of carbon monoxide in 1996. Carbon monoxide poisoning from portable electric generators. A major industrial source of CO is producer gas, a mixture containing mostly carbon monoxide and nitrogen, formed by combustion of carbon in air at high temperature when there is an excess of carbon. Karr et al. The Regional Office for Europe of the World Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. Thomassen O, Brattebo G, Rostrup M. Carbon monoxide poisoning while using a small cooking stove in a tent. Anderson EW, et al. information and will only use or disclose that information as set forth in our notice of The interacting effects of altitude and carbon monoxide. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. A continuous non-linear function was fitted to the data and thus there is a continuum of magnitude of effect estimates, which may be used to estimate severity of effects between zero and about 30% COHb and higher by extrapolation from rats. A survey study of public perceptions about carbon monoxide. Other recent studies indicate that carbon monoxide poisoning can cause immune system dysfunction (164) that causes decrements in learning not observed in immunologically tolerant animals. In laboratory experiments, people exposed to carbon monoxide before maximum exercise tests had reduced exercise duration (167172). Hazucha MJ. In early acute laboratory exposures of healthy young people, brain function (as measured by reduced behavioural performance) was reported to be impaired in a COHb-related manner when COHb ranged from 2.5% to around 10%. B. there is a lot of catalyst present in the converter. Occult carbon monoxide poisoning in an infant. the increased arterial blood flow to the brain sufficient to keep tissue oxygen supply nearly constant (73,185). Here, a 4.5% increase in COHb level reduced the maximum exercise from a total expenditure of about 112 kcal to some 90 kcal. All four incurred cognitive impairments, while two also experienced residual coordinative deficits. Until a person is adapted to high altitude, the resulting arterial hypoxia is directly additive (in terms of arterial oxygen content) to carbon monoxide hypoxia (178), and the increased pulmonary ventilatory response also increases carbon monoxide uptake. Review/update the Mar et al. The amount of such dissolved carbon monoxide and the diffusion into various tissues has not been described or modelled. Carbon monoxide is produced indoors by combustion sources (cooking and heating) and is also introduced through the infiltration of carbon monoxide from outdoor air into the indoor environment (7). In an oven, air is passed through a bed of coke. Note: AM = arithmetic mean; SD = standard deviation. There are several health concerns associated with exposure to carbon monoxide. The effect of chronic or intermittent hypoxia on cognition in childhood: a review of the evidence. (142) examined the relationship between asthma and air carbon monoxide levels in Seattle for data during the period 19871994. Kim D, et al. Penney reviewed the general characteristics of chronic carbon monoxide poisoning in humans in 2000 (80) and 2008 (88), as did Hay et al. In the first study, stroke mortality increased 4.1% with a two-day lag. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Tvedt B, Kjuus H. Chronic CO poisoning. Jetter J, et al. Chen & Wang (83) reviewed the health effects of carbon monoxide in air pollution in major Chinese cities in 2000. *Grams of gas dissolved in 100 g of water when the total pressure above the solution is 1 atm. Y,o#PMR$JAwRd62!B-P i1pp'{\{g[[Cr34exw {TM;J"8`2xrp An effort is made below to specify tissue dosimetry where knowledge permits and to point to gaps in knowledge when appropriate. 0000048727 00000 n It is only slightly soluble in water, blood serum and plasma; in the human body, it reacts with haemoglobin to form carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb). (104), Kowalska (105), Kirkpatrick (106), Jensen et al. Are others in that environment (e.g. The daily average absence rate was 5.09% (SD = 1.54%). However, NIST makes no warranties to that effect, and NIST 0000003545 00000 n The latest studies available to us in 2009, especially those epidemiological studies using very large databases and thus producing extremely high-resolution findings, suggest that the appropriate level for carbon monoxide in order to minimize health effects must be positioned below the 8-hour guideline of 10.5 mg/m3, possibly as low as 4.65.8 mg/m3. The authors concluded that air pollution increases the risk of headache in Santiago Province. National Library of Medicine. Lumio, in an extensive 1948 study (114), found fatigue, headache, vertigo, irritation, memory impairment, tinnitus and nausea to be the most frequent symptoms resulting from chronic carbon monoxide poisoning. Compatible figures were obtained. Seizures and unilateral cystic lesion of the basal ganglia: an unusual clinical and radiological manifestation of chronic non-fatal carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning. Coburn RF. Armstrong CL, Cunningham J. Functional and developmental effects of carbon monoxide toxicity in children. In: Penney DG, editor. Air pollution and hospital admissions for congestive heart failure in a subtropical city: Taipei, Taiwan. In this way, COHb continues to increase with continued exposure, leaving pro gressively less haemoglobin available for carrying oxygen. COHb may be a less reliable biomonitor for these effects). The relationship of carbon monoxide exposure and the COHb concentration in blood can be modelled using the differential Coburn-Forster-Kane equation (3), which provides a good approximation to the COHb level at a steady level of inhaled exogenous carbon monoxide. (141) found a relationship between ambient carbon monoxide and asthma consultations for children in London. Thus for non-hypoxic effects, it is frequently necessary to use less general evidence from empirical environmental data to make estimates of critical exposures. (111) on chronic carbon monoxide poisoning have been reviewed by Penney (76). Tobacco smoke can be a major source of indoor exposure, as can exhaust from motor vehicles operating in attached garages (6). From these searches, 952 articles were found and, from these, 52 were deemed relevant and used in the review. From these articles, 101 were deemed relevant and were used. The duration was reduced as an inverse function of COHb level. Human studies were largely unreliable in the sense that they were not replicable, sometimes even by their original authors. (136) characterized their patients as having acute carbon monoxide poisoning, when in actual fact most had chronic poisoning since the authors cite coal stoves and water heaters as carbon monoxide sources. Yang et al. Heart disease mortality among bridge and tunnel officers exposed to carbon monoxide. In: Goodman AG, Gillman A, editors. Carbon monoxide has over a 200-fold greater affinity for hemoglobin than has oxygen (5.15, 5.16). In: Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018. A lock (LockA locked padlock) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Keles A, Demircan A, Kurtoglu G. Carbon monoxide poisoning: how many patients do we miss? The solubility of carbon monoxide in 37 ionic liquids and in some organic solvents has been determined using high-pressure 13 C NMR spectroscopy; a method for predicting the CO solubility is demonstrated, and it was shown that the rate of the hydroformylation of 5-hexen-2-one does not correlate with the CO solubility, as expected from the 0000016766 00000 n Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. Penney DG, Dunham E, Benjamin M. Chronic carbon monoxide exposure. Some of our calculators and applications let you save application data to your local computer. You'll soon start receiving the latest Mayo Clinic health information you requested in your inbox. Acute laboratory exposure to carbon monoxide in healthy young people has been shown to decrease duration of maximum exercise tests in a COHb (dose)-related manner. Roughton FJW, Darling RC. 0000013846 00000 n Toxic gas holds hints", "Molecular Gas Clumps from the Destruction of Icy Bodies in the Pictoris Debris Disk", "Comets (World Book Online Reference Center 125580)", "Pressure-Induced Polymerization of Carbon Monoxide: Disproportionation and Synthesis of an Energetic Lactonic Polymer", "New route to carbon-neutral fuels from carbon dioxide discovered by Stanford-DTU team - DTU", "Selective high-temperature CO 2 electrolysis enabled by oxidized carbon intermediates", "Role of Carbon Monoxide in HostGut Microbiome Communication", "Heme Oxygenase-1/Carbon Monoxide: From Basic Science to Therapeutic Applications", "Regulation of inflammation by the antioxidant haem oxygenase 1", "The therapeutic potential of carbon monoxide", "Biological signaling by carbon monoxide and carbon monoxide-releasing molecules", "Where is the Clinical Breakthrough of Heme Oxygenase-1 / Carbon Monoxide Therapeutics? Epidemiological studies involving large population groups, where exposures are generally at relatively low carbon monoxide levels, have demonstrated increased incidences of low birth weight, congenital defects, infant and adult mortality, cardiovascular admissions, congestive heart failure, stroke, asthma, tuberculosis, pneumonia, etc. 0000004004 00000 n 0000006531 00000 n Carbon monoxide reacts with water vapour at high temperatures, forming carbon dioxide and hydrogen; this process has been used as a source of hydrogen for combination with nitrogen in the synthesis of ammonia. Data covering 4- and 7-year periods were analysed. Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic Press. * For example, Helminen (112) describes changes in the visual field caused by chronic coal gas (i.e. closed) breathing spaces. These studies were, however, not replicable in any case where such replication was attempted. Palmer J, et al. Compelling evidence of carbon-monoxide-induced adverse effects on the cardiovascular system is derived from a series of controlled human exposure studies of individuals with cardiovascular disease at COHb levels relevant to ambient conditions. 0000048533 00000 n Effects of ambient air pollution on non-elderly asthma hospital admissions in Seattle, Washington, 19871994. Carbon monoxide poisoning Frequently asked questions. [79] These properties have the potential to be used to prevent the development of a series of pathological conditions including ischemia reperfusion injury, transplant rejection, atherosclerosis, severe sepsis, severe malaria, or autoimmunity. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology. [67] One method developed at DTU Energy uses a cerium oxide catalyst and does not have any issues of fouling of the catalyst.[68][69]. Less severe poisoning was defined as no loss of consciousness and a COHb level of 15%, while more severe poisoning was defined as loss of consciousness or a COHb of >15%. In 1995, Morris et al. A critical analysis of the use of the CFK equation in predicting COHb formation. There was no difference in cognitive outcomes between the two groups. For every 1.2-mg/m3 increase in carbon monoxide concentration, absence increased by 3.79% (95% CI 1.046.55). (150) reported an association between ambient carbon monoxide levels in seven United States cities and hospital admissions for congestive heart failure among elderly people, which showed a consistent association with daily variations in ambient carbon monoxide. Carbon Monoxide is an odorless, colorless, lighter than air, nonirritating gas that interferes with the delivery of oxygen throughout the body and which can kill you. 2. [60], The compounds cyclohexanehexone or triquinoyl (C6O6) and cyclopentanepentone or leuconic acid (C5O5), which so far have been obtained only in trace amounts, can be regarded as polymers of carbon monoxide. Another metric of the effect magnitude was calculated by estimating the maximum total calories expended from the amount of work performed. The information summarized above suggests that the damaging effects of carbon monoxide are not only due to its action in binding to haemoglobin and interfering with oxygen delivery, i.e. Subjective symptoms included vertigo that was accompanied by nystagmus more commonly in the confirmed group. 0000000016 00000 n Exposure to carbon monoxide reduced maximum exercise ability in healthy, young individuals and reduced the time to angina and, in some cases, the time to ST-segment depression in subjects with cardiovascular disease, albeit at a concentration that was lower than that needed to reduce exercise ability in healthy individuals. Predicting carboxyhemoglobin levels resulting from carbon monoxide exposures. Maisonet M, et al. Effects of carbon monoxide exposure on developing animals and humans. 0 +J The authors estimated a peak concentration of 9.6 mg/m3 caused by incense burning and therefore concluded that carbon monoxide concentrations could exceed the USEPA's National Ambient Air Quality Standard of 10 mg/m3 for an 8-hour average, depending on the room volume, ventilation rate and the amount of incense burned. Absorption and elimination of carbon monoxide by inactive young men. Group A1 was exposed to 58291 mg/m3, Group A2 to 701595 mg/m3, Group B to < 23 mg/m3 and Group C to < 12 mg/m3 carbon monoxide in the course of their normal work. Cognitive and affective outcomes of more severe compared to less severe carbon monoxide poisoning. This study is similar to an earlier epidemiological investigation by Hexter & Goldsmith (140), reviewed by Penney (76). Ely EW, Moorehead B, Haponik EF. Lebret E, et al. June 30July 5, 2002; pp. Kleinman MT. endstream endobj 36 0 obj<> endobj 37 0 obj<> endobj 38 0 obj<>stream In ancient history, Hannibal executed Roman prisoners with coal fumes during the Second Punic War. Thus, hypothetically, any cardiac, vascular or pulmonary disease would have such an effect, as would other factors that limit the blood's ability to transport oxygen, such as anaemia. External (with a few exceptions) charcoals or wood gas generators were fitted, and the mixture of atmospheric nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and small amounts of other gases produced by gasification was piped to a gas mixer. Cerebrovascular effects of carbon monoxide. It was found that carbon-monoxide-poisoned rats displayed impaired maze-learning that did not occur in similar rats made immunologically tolerant to MBP. Auto ignition temperature (liquid) 1128oF. Kaye and T.H. Kirkpatrick J. Occult carbon monoxide poisoning. The rat carbon monoxide data were meta-analysed and the internal dose (oxygen delivery by arterial blood) was estimated. Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, practically odorless, and tasteless gas or liquid. At low COHb levels and in the presence of normal vasomotion and hyperaemia, it has been difficult to understand how carbon monoxide can cause immediate or long-term cellular, tissue and organ damage. Exact COHb values depend on individual susceptibilities, the underlying state of health and, to some extent, the activity level of the individuals concerned. (131) report on a 37-year-old woman chronically exposed to carbon monoxide for seven years. In: Penney DG, editor. The release of nitric oxide from platelets and endothelial cells inside blood vessels, forming the free radical peroxynitrite, further inactivates mitochondrial enzymes and damages the vascular endothelium of the brain. Exposure to methylene chloride can cause carbon monoxide poisoning. Health damage resulting from chronic, lower-level exposure has been difficult to fully explain on the basis of hypoxia, hypoxaemia and measured COHb, since various physiological mechanisms should quickly compensate. It has been customary to specify the dose of carbon monoxide as either the amount in blood as COHb or as the concentration in the inhaled air. National Institute of Standards and Approaches to dealing with carbon monoxide in the living environment. information submitted for this request. 0000014000 00000 n The model has also been tested under a wide variety of carbon monoxide exposure conditions and found to predict COHb more accurate ly than empirical methods (54,5966). These were of the same magnitude as those of the known solubility of carbon monoxide in water, but only about . In blood obtained from 50 patients who had sustained carbon monoxide poisoning, plateletneutrophil aggregates were detected and plasma myeloperoxidase concentration was elevated, suggesting that the processes seen in animals also operate in humans (166). White SR. Pediatric carbon monoxide poisoning. In a clinical review, Weaver (134) states that lower level CO exposures can cause headache, malaise, and fatigue and can result in cognitive difficulties and personality changes. Jo WK, Lee JY. Weaver LK. When the temperature of a river, lake, or stream is raised abnormally high, usually due to the discharge of hot water from some industrial process, the solubility of oxygen in the water is decreased. In studies by Hong et al. Zeitschrift fr Laryngologie, Rhinologie, Otologie und ihre Grenzgebiete. In: Penney DG, editor. Influence of ambient air pollutant sources on clinical encounters for infant bronchiolitis. endstream endobj 30 0 obj<>stream It should be kept in mind that the tissue dose and the eventual health effect are not necessarily contemporaneous. The cochlear findings showed a perceptive disturbance with a high tone loss and largely retroganglionic damage. The 24-hour average tunnel carbon monoxide concentrations were approximately 58 mg/m3 in 1961 and 47 mg/m3 in 1968. Thus, a separate guideline is recommended to address 24-hour exposures. The relative risk for a change from 1.2 mg/m3 to 3.5 mg/m3, the 25th and 75th percentiles of the exposure distribution, was 1.065. Since CO is a gas, the reduction process can be driven by heating, exploiting the positive (favorable) entropy of reaction. DOI: 10.1039/B401537A. European Commission's INDEX project proposed guidelines: for 1 hour, 30 mg/m3; for 8 hours, 10 mg/m3(78). These two lines of data support a direct effect of carbon monoxide exposure on cardiovascular morbidity and are considered to have a high weight of evidence.
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