is dorie greenspan related to alan greenspan

When you go into the supermarket, tzatziki is a ready-made product, guacamole a ready-made product. [107], In the documentary film Inside Job, Greenspan is cited as one of the persons responsible for the financial crisis of 20072008. The article attracted a number of critical responses from forum contributors, who, finding causation between Greenspan's policies and the discontinuities in financial markets that followed, criticized Greenspan mainly for what many believed to be his unbalanced and immovable ideological suppositions about global capitalism and free competitive markets. Hmm. Although he was subdued in his public appearances, favorable media coverage raised his profile to a point that several observers likened him to a "rock star". I watch what people do with recipes, and it's so exciting. Both sophisticated and satisfying. copyright 2023 dorie greenspan. [17] At Columbia University, he pursued advanced economic studies under Arthur Burns but withdrew because of his increasing work demand at Townsend-Greenspan & Company. I think I got into writing about food from the love of it, but I got the chance to do it professionally through luck. [12] His father worked as a stockbroker and consultant in New York City. He concluded: "It is important, indeed crucial, that any reforms in, and adjustments to, the structure of markets and regulation not inhibit our most reliable and effective safeguards against cumulative economic failure: market flexibility and open competition." Vegan Miso Caramel Dip with Pretzels and Granny Smith Apples. With cooking, you've got a sense of what it's going to be, you have a thought about seasoning it. I think I'll keep it in another 5 minutes." His dissertation is not available from the university[19] since it was removed at Greenspan's request in 1987, when he became chairman of the Federal Reserve Board. And that means that I don't want to be in the kitchen doing last-minute fussy things with food. "My overall view is that the inflation outlook is . DG: Not including them would be cutting out a part of the current food culture in France, so I think by including these recipes, which are more common than you can imagine, you're really getting a snapshot of France's food today. It's amazing. At the same time, I indicated some concerns about the risks associated with derivatives, including the risks posed by concentration in certain derivatives markets, notably the over-the-counter (OTC) markets for U.S. dollar interest rate options. Greenspan, the author of countless cookbooks, including Dorie's Cookies, told Epicurious that she learned through trial and error that baking cookies in small metal ring molds are the best way to give them a clean, tailored look. Greenspan left Columbia in 1953 and formed Townsend-Greenspan & Co., Inc., an economic consulting firm in New York. And then 13 years ago, we got an apartment in Paris, and I became a Paris-New York commuter. The renowned cookbook author discusses her newest book and living in Parisplus, she shares three of her favorite new recipes. How does it feel to be the inspiration behind such a passionate online community? And so it's this real mix of traditional food, because that never goes away in France, and new foodmodern food. [24] Greenspan has also served as a corporate director for Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa); Automatic Data Processing; Capital Cities/ABC, Inc.; General Foods; J.P. Morgan & Co.; Morgan Guaranty Trust Company; Mobil Corporation; and the Pittston Company. His influence on global finance was considered so extensive that in September 1999 The Sunday Times of London named him one of the three most powerful people in the British Isles. The New York Times called her a "culinary guru" in 2004. And it's that which made him [Saddam] far more important to get out than bin Laden."[45]. I was born in Brooklyn (before it was hip and groovy). [55][56], On April 30, 2009, Greenspan offered a defense of the H-1B visa program, telling a U.S. Senate subcommittee that the visa quota is "far too small to meet the need" and saying that it protects U.S. workers from global competition, creating a "privileged elite". It's the food that I cook when I'm in France. [116][117] Greenspan had used his position as Fed chairman to comment upon fiscal policy as early as 1993, however, when he supported President Clinton's deficit reduction plan, which included tax increases and budget cuts. Greenspan is, after all, an ideological conservative, an early acolyte of the social Darwinist novelist Ayn Rand and Ronald Reagan's choice for Fed chair. [73] When asked about free markets and Rand's ideas, however, Greenspan clarified his stance on laissez faire capitalism and asserted that in a democratic society there could be no better alternative. I'll say to use chocolate and they'll use caramel. [123] In December 1984, Greenspan began dating journalist Andrea Mitchell. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. BAKING WITH DORIE, SWEET, SALTY & SIMPLE. I think it might be that my approach has become a lot less fussy. Prep. [53], In August 2007, Deutsche Bank announced that it would be retaining Greenspan as a senior advisor to its investment banking team and clients. His first marriage was to Canadian artist Joan Mitchell in October 1952;[121] the marriage ended in annulment 10 months later. And so, the motivation was just the excitement at being able to talk about a place and people and food that I love. I think that being with my friends in France around the table has made me really appreciate even more how good conversation and friendship really form around food. [13], Greenspan attended George Washington High School from 1940 until he graduated in June 1943, where one of his classmates was John Kemeny. Testifying on immigration reform before the Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security and Citizenship, he said more skilled immigration was needed "as the economy copes with the forthcoming retirement wave of skilled baby boomers". I never got fast enough to be in the kitchen. That his successors claim to know via . [74], E. Ray Canterbery has chronicled Greenspan's relationship with Rand, and has concluded that the influence has had pernicious effects on Greenspan's monetary policy. I feel like France has been with me for a very, very long time. He became one of the members of Rand's inner circle, the Ayn Rand Collective, who read Atlas Shrugged while it was being written. In September 2008, Joseph Stiglitz stated that Greenspan "didn't really believe in regulation; when the excesses of the financial system were noted, (he and others) called for self-regulationan oxymoron". In 2009, Robert Reich wrote that "Greenspan's worst move was to contribute to the giant housing bubble and the worst worldwide crash since the Great Depression. We don't know where or when or for how long, but I've been working on new cookies. Meanwhile, Greenspan recommended improving mark-to-market regulations to avoid having derivatives or other complex assets marked to a distressed or illiquid market during times of material adverse conditions seen during the late 2000s credit crisis. It did not. What touches me, really, is the number of people who have written to me to say that they joined the group as non-bakers. [citation needed] In 1945, Greenspan attended New York University's Stern School of Business, where he earned a B.A. 1 hr 5 min. Chairman of the U.S. Federal Reserve from 1987 to 2006 (born 1926), Political views and alleged politicization of office, (Remarks to the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago's Forty-first Annual Conference on Bank Structure via satellite), (Report on meeting of Committee on Oversight and Government Reform), Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, New York University's Stern School of Business, tariffs against the People's Republic of China, The Age of Turbulence: Adventures in a New World, Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000, President Clinton's deficit reduction plan, Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service, Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire, fellow of the American Statistical Association, The Map and the Territory: Risk, Human Nature, and the Future of Forecasting, The Map and the Territory 2.0: Risk, Human Nature, and the Future of Forecasting, List of United States political appointments across party lines, "Greenspan Was More a Rock Star than a Feared Fed Sage", "Greenspan says Federal Budget Deficits are 'Unsustainable, "Little Alarm Shown at Fed At Dawn of Housing Bust", "Dr. Greenspan's Amazing Invisible Thesis", "Looking at Greenspan's Long-Lost Thesis", "Alan Greenspan, Chairman of the Board of Governors of Federal Reserve, Receives Dean's Medal at Wharton School MBA Commencement", "U.S. Senate Panel Votes for 4th Term for Fed Chairman Greenspan", "Historical Roster of Directors and Officers", A Brief History of the 1987 Stock Market Crash with a Discussion of the Federal Reserve Response, "Larry Summers on Conversations with Bill Kristol", "Q&A: Greenspan on Bubbles, Saddam, Cheney and Bernanke", "Greenspan: Ouster Of Hussein Crucial For Oil Security", "Invasion of Iraq was driven by oil, says Greenspan", "Greenspan Says Invasion and War 'Largely about Oil', "The Simple Arithmetic of John McCain's Bogus Claims of Energy Independence", "Greenspan Warns Against Anti-China Protectionism", "Greenspan Says Tariffs on China Would Hurt U.S. Economy, Jobs", "Pimco Hires Greenspan as Consultant: Report", "Alan Greeenspan to consult for Deutsche Bank Corporate and Investment Bank", "Tangled Webs: Greenspan, Paulson, Goldman, the SEC and C&C Music Factory", "Greenspan: H-1B Cap Would Make U.S. Workers 'Privileged Elite, "Greenspan Criticizes Bush Policies in Memoir", "Greenspan takes center stage in 'Age of Turbulence', "Greenspan Book Criticizes Bush And Republicans", "Former Fed Chief Attacks Bush on Fiscal Role", "Greenspan Concedes to 'Flaw' in His Market Ideology", "Greenspan Says Didn't See Subprime Storm Brewing", "Economic Outlook Hearing before the Joint Economic Committee, Congress of the United States", House Prices and Monetary Policy: A Cross-Country Study, "Greenspan Says ARMs Might Be Better Deal", "His Legacy Tarnished, Greenspan Goes on Defensive", "Who is to Blame for the Mortgage Carnage and Coming Financial Disaster? He will be remembered . Alan Greenspan (born March 6, 1926) is an American economist who served as the 13th chairman of the Federal Reserve from 1987 to 2006. [3] She has also been listed on the James Beard Foundation's Who's Who of Food and Beverage in America. That is, we on a daily basis require continuous flow. International recognition of Greenspans achievements continued: in 2000 the French government awarded him the Legion of Honour, and in 2002 Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom named him an honorary Knight of the British Empire. The New York Times called her a "culinary guru" in 2004.[2]. Check out her best cookie tips. Although the book mostly constituted a reassertion and recontextualization of Greenspans long-held principles, it notably allowed for the greater impact of John Maynard Keyness animal spiritsessentially human emotionon market behaviour. He was previously appointed to the post by Presidents Reagan, George H.W. Bush, and Bill Clinton. He asserts this would narrow the inequality between the minority of high-income earners and most workers whose wages have not grown in proportion with globalization and the nation's GDP growth. Alan Greenspan: The former chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System as well as the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC), the Fed's principal monetary policymaking body. DG: I was working on a doctorate in gerontology, but I never wrote my dissertation. On April 19, 2012, Greenspan received the Eugene J. Keogh Award for Distinguished Public Service from NYU.[135]. That leaves them fully exposed to rising rates.[91]. Before that, I wrote a column for The Washington Post. Greenspan has won the James Beard Foundation Award five times, as well as the International Association of Culinary Professionals Cookbook of the Year Awards for Desserts by Pierre Herm and Around My French Table, and Dorie's Cookies. First of all, I was so young when I got married, I was 19. 1 cups (238g) all-purpose flour. 4.7 4.7 out of 5 stars (771) Hardcover. [41] He believed that even a moderate disruption to the flow of oil could translate into high oil prices,[42] which could lead to "chaos" in the global economy and bring the industrial world "to its knees". By late 2004, the price of gold was higher than its 12-year moving average. So, it satisfies a different part of you as you're doing it. But the FrenchI won't call it cheatbut they'll choose a really good-quality convenience food and make it part of a homemade dish. She was looking forward to saying, "Dr. "[77], Greenspan stated that the housing bubble was "fundamentally engendered by the decline in real long-term interest rates",[78] though he also claims that long-term interest rates are beyond the control of central banks because "the market value of global long-term securities is approaching $100 trillion" and thus these and other asset markets are large enough that they "now swamp the resources of central banks". In 2008, Greenspan expressed great frustration that the February 23 speech was used to criticize him on ARMs and the subprime mortgage crisis, and stated that he had made countervailing comments eight days after it that praised traditional fixed-rate mortgages. (Complete Interview)", "Complete List 25 People to Blame for the Financial Crisis", "Transcript: Nancy Pelosi on 'FOX News Sunday', "Greenspan Supports 'Ownership' Concept in Social Security", "Senate Democratic Leader Blasts Greenspan", "Barney Frank Says Race a Factor in Subprime Blame Game", "Greenspan Likes Social Security Private Accounts, But Urges Caution", "Greenspan Says U.S. Must Adjust Retirement Programs (Update1)", "FRB: Testimony, Greenspan Humphrey-Hawkins February 26, 1997", "Citations for Recipients of the 2005 Presidential Medal of Freedom", "Alan Greenspan Receives Defense Department Distinguished Public Service Award", "Greenspan receives Dept of Defense medal", "Historic highlights page with picture of 1976 winner Alan Greenspan", https://www.cbsnews.com/news/knighted-but-not-sir-alan/, "NYU Alumni Association Awards Past Recipients", "University of Notre Dame Honorary Degree Recipients 1844- 2019", "Chronological Listing of Honorary Degree Recipients of the University of Pennsylvania", "Harvard University Honorary Degree Recipients 1994-2019", "Remarks by Chairman Alan Greenspan Commencement address Harvard University", "Yale University Honorary Degrees Since 1702", "University of Edinburgh Honorary Degree Recipients Database", "Alan Greenspan and Gordon Brown Receive Honorary Degrees From NYU, December 14, 2005", "From Bubble to Depression? Chicago, and New York are under federal investigation for systematic human rights abuses, usually related to minority groups. [citation needed], On June 2, 1987, President Ronald Reagan nominated Greenspan as a successor to Paul Volcker, as chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve, and the Senate confirmed him on August 11, 1987. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. It's a whole different set of ingredients, aromas, and textures. 0. I could go onI love the recipes in this book. [132], Greenspan was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2000. So I think I got my first stories almost by accident. [25][26] He was a director of the Council on Foreign Relations foreign policy organization between 1982 and 1988. You look at the butter, the flour, the eggs, the sugar, and you have no idea what you're going to get. For decades, home cooks and professionals alike have turned to one pint-sized authority, Dorie Greenspan, for wisdom related to cookies, cakes, crumbles, tarts, and more, all of which are hard-wired into the sweets-inspired narrative of her life. [36], In 2000, Greenspan raised interest rates several times; these actions were believed by many to have caused the bursting of the dot-com bubble. There's Dorie's Classic Chocolate Chip Cookies (a fan favorite); One Big Break-Apart Chipper (a large, sheet-tray-size cookie Greenspan suggests you let guests break off pieces of);. [10] Greenspan argues that the housing bubble was not a result of low-interest short-term rates but rather a worldwide phenomenon caused by the progressive decline in long-term interest rates - a direct consequence of the relationship between high savings rates in the developing world and its inverse in the developed world. Whisk the flour, baking powder, and salt together; set aside. [125], In 1976, Greenspan received the U.S. Temperamentally, I am a cook: fairly disorganized, last-minute everything, prone to flights of fancy and unable to resist the temptation to tinker. Greenspan's baking books, including volumes written with Child and the French dessert kingpin Pierre Herm, have taught millions to turn butter, flour, and sugar into spectacular, smile-inducing treats. It's like brioche except it's soaked in butter and then sprinkled with sugar. When Julia Child told Dorie Greenspan, You write recipes just the way I do, she paid her the ultimate compliment. He also drew the publics attention to what he called unsustainable rates of growth in the U.S. economy and overextended stock prices toward the end of the 20th century. Instead, he waited until the bubble burst, as it did in 2000, then tried to clean up the mess afterward". Dorie Greenspan's Chocolate Bread Pudding. In 2004 he lowered interest rates to 1%, enabling banks to borrow money for free, adjusted for inflation. If you'd like to receive my newsletter, xoxoDorie, please sign up below. [133], On September 26, 2002, Greenspan received an honorary knighthood from Queen Elizabeth II. [81] Greenspan stated that this drop in rates would have the effect of leading to a surge in home sales and refinancing, adding that "Besides sustaining the demand for new construction, mortgage markets have also been a powerful stabilizing force over the past two years of economic distress by facilitating the extraction of some of the equity that homeowners have built up over the years". RELATED. She said, "You love food, you know a lot about it, you cook, you bake, you've had this experience as a baker." Fri 16 Jan 2009 19.01 EST. In a 2007 interview, he said, "people do not realize in this country, for example, how tenuous our ties to international energy are. [76] Greenspan also noted, however, "I really didn't get it until very late in 2005 and 2006. Luckily, Greenspan's latest cookbook, "Baking Chez Moi" (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2014), has little tolerance for time- or skill-intensive baking. In 2004, Greenspan received the Dwight D. Eisenhower Medal for Leadership and Service, from Eisenhower Fellowships. After William Townsends death in 1958, Greenspan became president and chief owner. zaloguj si | za konto. For example, everybody's oven is different, so if I tell you to bake something for 25 minutes, I have to trust that at the end of 25 minutes you're going to look at itlet's say it's a cakeand you're going to say, "Gee, that doesn't look done. Published Oct 19, 2021. . Marie-Hlne's Apple Cake. An Evening with Dorie Greenspan. Alan Greenspan says the answer is in men's underwear By Nicole Goodkind, . My book was the inspiration for them, but they're just an extraordinary groupthis really shows you the power of the Internet. And, be sure to explore all of Greenspan's recipes on Epicurious, including her World Peace Cookies, Bubble-Top Brioches, Mushroom-Shallot Quiche, and Double-Chocolate Financier Cake. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Related searches. Every time something looked like an opportunity, I always said, "Yes." Ive won the Cookbook of the Year Award from the International Association of Culinary Professionals (IACP) twice (once for Desserts by Pierre Herm and once for Around My French Table), Ive been on The New York Times Bestseller List three times (once for Around My French Table, once for Baking Chez Moi and again for Baking with Dorie ), I was awarded the Mrite d Agricole the Order of Agricultural Merit by the French Consulate for my writings about Frances food, I live in three places: New York City, Westbrook, CT and Paris, France and yes, I consider myself extraordinarily lucky. Ruth Wakefield's 1938 recipe for chocolate chip cookies, in the fourth edition of Toll House Tried and True Recipes, uses the exact ratio of butter, sugar, flour, and chocolate established by the . "I had written 'Everyday Dorie," she. Alan Greenspan, (born March 6, 1926, New York City, New York, U.S.), American economist and chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, whose chairmanship (19872006) continued through the administrations of four American presidents. "Baking With Dorie" is number 14. . Almond Flounder. 10 servings. [110][111][112] Greenspan had said Bush's model has "the seeds of developing full funding by its very nature. He was far from sure that the increase in house prices posed a . [40] His critics, led by Steve Forbes, attributed the rapid rise in commodity prices and gold to Greenspan's loose monetary policy, which Forbes believed had caused excessive asset inflation and a weak dollar. Former Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan told CNBC on Wednesday that bitcoin reminds him of currency issued during America's Colonial past that ultimately proved worthless. He said of Gerald Ford that he "was as close to normal as you get in a president, but he was never elected". Corrections? DG: I have recipes here from friends and from chefs who have bistros that I really love, but most of this food is my food. Unregulated Free Market Fundamentalism Zealotry", "How to Prevent the Next Wall Street Crisis", "In Washington, Financial Furor Is a First-Rate Chance to Assess Blame", "We will never have a perfect model of risk", "Why Greenspan Does Not Bear Most of the Blame", Over-the-Counter Derivatives Markets and the Commodity Exchange Act: Report of The President's Working Group on Financial Markets, "Greenspan "shocked" at credit breakdown", "Greenspan admits some guilt over financial crisis", "Matt Taibbi: "Why Isn't Wall Street in Jail?" At age five Greenspan demonstrated his proficiency in mathematics by reciting baseball batting averages and performing large calculations in his head. It wasn't . When questioned in relation to this, however, he has said that in a democratic society individuals have to make compromises with each other over conflicting ideas of how money should be handled. I think I'm very, very lucky to have both in my life. [108], Greenspan describes himself as a "lifelong libertarian Republican". We had hoped, from a business standpoint, that it would be some really good market research, but the only thing we discovered was that people like cookieswe didn't really discover which ones they liked most, because they just disappeared so quickly. This is not Mastering the Art of French Cooking; this is not Escoffier. Democratic president Bill Clinton reappointed Greenspan, and consulted him on economic matters. Put the sugar in a . Epi: Tuesdays with Dorie is an online group with over 200 members that bake and blog about recipes from your book, Baking: From My Home to Yours. She introduced me to someone at Food & Wine, and they said, "Why don't you send us a proposal?" She is among the first culinary professionals to produce cooking apps for mobile phones and tablet computers. "[104] Greenspan admitted fault[105] in opposing regulation of derivatives and acknowledged that financial institutions didn't protect shareholders and investments as well as he expected. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [113], Others, like Republican Senator Mitch McConnell, disagreed that Greenspan was too deferential to Bush, stating that Greenspan "has been an independent player at the Fed for a long time under both parties and made an enormous positive contribution". He is the son to Herbert Greenspan, a stockbroker who was of Romanian Jews origin, and his wife Rose Goldsmith, a Hungarian Jew. teaspoon fine sea salt. [120], Greenspan has married twice. He works as a private adviser and provides consulting for firms through his company, Greenspan Associates LLC. In . DG: I was amazed when this started. On 06-03-1926 Alan Greenspan (nickname: Alan) was born in Washington Heights, New York City. [18], In 1977, Greenspan obtained a Ph.D. in economics from New York University. Epi: How did you get your start as a food writer and cookbook author? My mother was very disappointed when I said I wanted to be a baker. Now I know who's out there and what they're doing. Plus, she reveals plans for relaunching CookieBar, and shares recipes for Gougres, Marie-Hlne's Apple Cake, and Pumpkin Stuffed with Everything Good all from Around My French Table. I just think it's phenomenal. Use of and/or registration on any portion of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement (updated as of 1/1/21) and Privacy Policy and Cookie Statement (updated as of 1/1/21). "You know, that's precisely the reason I was shocked, because I have been going for 40 years or more with very considerable evidence that it was working exceptionally well. That's when I got the opportunity to shop at the markets, to have my own Madame Saucisson, and my own cheese guy, and to cook for friends in my own home. 15 min. "Absolutely, precisely", Greenspan replied. Total. With the same ingenuity and appeal that she brought to Waffles: From Morning to Midnight, Dorie Greenspan graces the griddle with more than 85 recipes for flapjacks and other foods to flip over. Dorie Greenspan's Spaghetti and Meatballs. It can be an clair, it can be a cake, it can be a cookie jar full of cookies, it can be anything. Courtesy of Alan Richardson You can do more with a pumpkin than. [87] In that speech, Greenspan had suggested that lenders should offer to home purchasers a greater variety of "mortgage product alternatives" other than traditional fixed-rate mortgages. In a 1999 government report that was a key driver in the passage of the Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000legislation that clarified that most over-the-counter derivatives were outside the regulatory authority of any government agencyGreenspan was joined by Treasury Secretary Lawrence Summers, Securities and Exchange Commission Chairman Arthur Levitt, and Commodity Futures Trading Commission Chairman William Ranier in concluding that "under many circumstances, the trading of financial derivatives by eligible swap participants should be excluded from the CEA" (Commodity Exchange Act). In 1987, Alan Greenspan first appointed as the Chairman . They ended up with neither. Matt Taibbi described the Greenspan put and its bad consequences saying: "every time the banks blew up a speculative bubble, they could go back to the Fed and borrow money at zero or one or two percent, and then start the game all over", thereby making it "almost impossible" for the banks to lose money. (Michael. A James Beard award-winning cookbook author's stories and recipes from here, there and Paris. - https://composer.trade . The subprime mortgage industry collapsed in March 2007, with many of the largest lenders filing for bankruptcy protection in the face of spiraling foreclosure rates. In a February 23, 2004, speech,[84] Greenspan suggested that more homeowners should consider taking out adjustable-rate mortgages (ARMs) where the interest rate adjusts itself to the current interest in the market. W hen you think baking, you think Dorie Greenspan: She's coauthored numerous pastry books, including two with Pierre Herm and one with Julia Child; her James Beard Awardwinning Baking: From My Home to Yours inspired an online baking community that calls itself Tuesdays with Dorie; and last year, Greenspan and her son, Joshua, launched CookieBar, a wildly successful pop-up cookie shop on Manhattan's Upper East Side. His father, Herbert Greenspan, was of Romanian Jewish descent, and his mother, Rose Goldsmith, was of Hungarian Jewish descent. When I startedmy first piece was published in 1983it was a very different world.

What Did Zeus Do To Hera As Punishment?, John Smith Breakthrough Net Worth, Schoharie County Sheriff Pistol Permit, Brandon Trust Staff Links, Oakley Boothe Fifa 21 Potential, Articles I

is dorie greenspan related to alan greenspan