Daniel holds a Ph.D. in social psychology from Harvard University. An idealized definition of social entrepreneurship developed by Dees (2001) is informative in that it supports Martin and Osberg's (2007) definition while complementing it with a set of criteria against which organizations can be assessed to determine whether they are socially entrepreneurial. Working across siloes and sectors is not a natural function of government or civil servants because infrastructure and incentives tend to constrain it. Don't already have a personal account? What began as a small initiative now involves thousands of people working across the health service who make an individual commitment to make one small change as part of a collective commitment to improve patient care. When on the society site, please use the credentials provided by that society. For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. Between 1990 and 2014, the number of campus-based entrepreneurship education programs increased from 180 to over 2,000. Building readiness for collaboration. The final paper in the special section is by James Cunningham, Paul OReilly, Brendan Dolan, Conor OKane, and Vincent Mangematin, and it is titled Publicly Funded Principal Investigators Allocation of Time for Public Sector Entrepreneurship Activities. Using a sample of Irish researchers, the authors explore publicly funded principal investigators (PIs) allocation of time for public sector entrepreneurship activities. The government has experimented with a wide variety of efforts to develop an entrepreneurial sector: The provision of public funds for venture investors seeking to locate in the city-state. Public entrepreneurs can, as Helen Bevan argues, rock the boat without tipping it over, but if they don't prepare their teams and organisations for collaborating at scale, they will struggle to bring innovation into the mainstream. The government of every nation gives ample support services via public as well as private concerns to motivate non-public initiative in taking the ventures of Entrepreneurship. 31. Public-sector entrepreneurship (PSE) is a relatively new area of enquiry. If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institutions website, please contact your librarian or administrator. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian. As the challenges for public services and society become more acute and complex, a concept with its roots in the 1960s is being increasingly revisited as public leaders look to inject entrepreneurial spirit and innovation into the traditional structures and processes of government. Here are the different types of entrepreneurship: Small business entrepreneurship. Riaan Steenberg. Individual entrepreneurship Public entrepreneurship is an idea whose time has come. Correspondence to The recent research in public sector entrepreneurial activity makes an exploratory comparative analysis of the key components that are applicable from private sector entrepreneurship timely as the topic is emerging as an area of academic inquiry and research. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing This journal also publishes Open Access articles Editor in Chief Prof. Dr. Terrence E. Brown ISSN online 1742-5379 ISSN print 1742-5360 6 issues per year Subscription price Clarivate Analytics 2022 JCI 0.42 CiteScore 2.7 (2021) Entrepreneurial Ventures --- Entrepreneurship is about ambiguity, risk, failure, and success: embracing it, and learning from it. Working with NACA to support counties to embrace a learning mindset and recognize that all innovation starts with, and is powered by, learning from failure. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. Encouragement of potential entrepreneurs and mentoring for fledgling ventures. Driving Economic Growth Through Entrepreneurship Ecosystems is designed to give public and private sector leaders: The two and a half-day, open enrollment, residential program consists of: Some of the specific topics that are addressed include: Dr. Daniel Isenberg is Professor of Entrepreneurship Practice at Babson Executive and Enterprise Education. The term "intrapreneur" was . 10 examples: The scheme has been conceived by the public sector, and is not the product of Developing and governing entrepreneurial ecosystems: the structure of entrepreneurial support programs in Edinburgh, Scotland. The measures for reforming the Public Sector Enterprise are broadly divided into following. Some of the reasons are deserved and some are just crap. Related research from the Program on Corporate Governance includes Carrots & Sticks: How VCs Induce Entrepreneurial Teams to Sell Startups, by Jesse Fried and Brian Broughman (discussed on the Forumhere). Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. P2 Explore the similarities and differences between entrepreneurial ventures. Motivated by the hypotheses articulated above, we seek to understand (1) if public entrepreneurial finance programs rely on private capital, and (2) if so, is it because of an attempt to improve capital allocation to early-stage ventures or instead due to trend-chasing or rent-extraction motives? 9. Professor Isenberg is a frequent participant at Davos and the G20 and blogs forHBR,Huffington Postand others. Select your institution from the list provided, which will take you to your institution's website to sign in. All Rights Reserved. Faculty, student, and global thought leaders share ideas around defining and creating social value in organizations of all kinds. Young high-growth businesses, however, face substantial information problems, and their financing requires significant expertise. Continue Reading. Across systems, it means building coalitions and crosssector collaborations that can improve outcomes, control cost and sustain access in ways that span the traditional siloes of government. The results are inconsistent with the alternative interpretations offered above. They know how to develop a rich understanding of the issue in all its complexity and bring the entrepreneurial mindset to tackle it. Vincent Vini Onyemah teaches Marketing Management, Business Development, Professional Selling, and Sales Force Management. He also consults for the IFC/ World Bank and teaches in several international Executive Education programs. The entrepreneurial route to change Ultimately, the reason public entrepreneurs are important is because they create outcomes that citizens value. Albert N. Link. P2 Explore the similarities and differences between entrepreneurial ventures. Instead, the complementarity between public and private entrepreneurial finance seemed to be mostly consistent with the hypothesis that such complementarity enabled mitigating frictions that arose in the deployment of capital to early-stage firms. Entrepreneurs persuade, influence and sell. However, they also pose difficult choices: be a first-mover or a fast-follower, as well as handling . For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. 1. and more. This special section of Economia e Politica IndustrialeJournal of Industrial and Business Economics contains four papers authored by eminent scholars who address different dimensions of public sector entrepreneurship. If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institutions website, please contact your librarian or administrator. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Hear from undergraduate students and staff about campus life, education abroad and career development. In this paper, we review and comment upon the development of the literature on diversity, innovation, and entrepreneurship. Professor Mahoney said: "Public entrepreneurship involves innovations of those who combine public and private resources in pursuit of their social objectives. The study proposes three dimensions of what makes up PSE. In the same way we talk about private entrepreneurs having creativity and coming up with solutions, we can think of those same characteristics being needed in the public sector as well, whether we are talking about markets, firms, governments, Universities, each of these has the need for entrepreneurship in terms of creativity and innovation., Dr Pitelis said: Private and public sectors have distinctive capabilities and distinctive comparative advantages. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. When on the institution site, please use the credentials provided by your institution. Any entrepreneurial venture goes through five main stages (venture life cycle stages) namely, new venture development, start-up activities, growth, stabilization, and innovation or decline. Types to Entrepreneurship - Intrapreneurship, Technopreneurship, Cultural Entrepreneurship, International Entrepreneurship, Ecopreneurship and a Few Others. We explored different metrics based on U.S. patent filings, which we believed were well suited for this assessment. I'm a Startup & SME specialist focusing on building and scaling businesses in post-conflict countries. Bill Kerr is a professor at Harvard Business School and Faculty Chair of the Launching New Ventures program for executive education. A community-building program in a district will look quite different from one at an ecosystem, for examplebut the playbook's essentials remain the same across the spectrum of innovation hubs. In 2012, Professor Isenberg was awarded the Pio Manzu Gold Medal for pioneering and innovative work in economic development, signed by Mikhail Gorbachev. Within organisations, this means stimulating innovation through a problem-solving spirit and a natural bent for working more closely with citizens. Read how leaders are transforming lives and achieving public impact, Working with the Aspen Institute Center for Urban Innovation to build a framework for fostering innovation in the public sector. Building narratives for change. See below. Keep current with the latest insight from Babson thought leaders worldwide, and on new innovations in Babsons curriculum. The ratings reflect Fitch's view of SEC Almaty's links with the City of Almaty (BBB . Select your institution from the list provided, which will take you to your institution's website to sign in. entity or entities (public-private joint ventures). 1. The literature on public-sector entrepreneurship typically refers to the public-sector entrepreneur who acts entrepreneurially as a single individual. She also serves on the Advisory Board of Linkedin.com and HBS European Advisory Board. Focusing on outcomes. Mitch Weiss is a Professor of Management Practice at the Harvard Business School, where he is a faculty member of the Entrepreneurial Management unit. Public sector entrepreneurship refers to innovative public policy initiatives that generate greater economic prosperity by transforming a status quo economic environment into one that is more conducive to economic units engaging in creative and innovative activities in the face of uncertainty. Leveraging new resources. They influence behaviour, showcase social innovation and persuade colleagues (administrators, politicians and citizens) that even in our increasingly blame-driven culture, where civil servants are understandably risk averse, there remains an upside of doing something differently. Indeed, the future public servant will increasingly need to think and act like an entrepreneur - building new relationships, leveraging resources, working across sector lines and acting, and sometimes failing, fast. The public sector organisation results in innovative activities that includes development of new and existing services, technologies, administrative technologies . This paper examines the interaction between governments and private capital investors when financing early-stage ventures. Green field Privatization 3. Use this glossary to learn the definitions of everything from 'changemaker' through to 'Failing Forward'. Entrepreneurship is a fundamental organizational process, as all businesses start as. Click the account icon in the top right to: Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. Graduate students and staff share news about life at Babson, the admissions process, and career development. More interestingly, the evidence was consistent with knowledge spillovers regarding effective program design: countries with neighboring programs were likely to display a strong correlation between public and private funding. He also advices governments about investments in the innovative capacities of their nations. Economists Richard Florida and Ian Hathaway conclude that, between 2015 and 2017, the top ten urban areas for venture financing (six in the United States, two in China, one in London, and one in. By collaborating with private financiers of entrepreneurial firms, public bodies may have been able to head off problems proactively. Converting academic study into practical realities for the public sector and firms in the private sector in order to increase competitive advantage is a big achievement for the authors of Toward a theory of public entrepreneurship. 2023 Babson College. Public entrepreneurs see themselves as part of a system rather than just an organisation or department. Researcher entrepreneurship. The emergence of revenue-generating activities for non-profits has created a new operating model where business principles, market characteristics and values (competition, diversification, entrepreneurship, innovation, and a focus on the bottom line) co-exist and work with traditional public sector values like responsiveness to community and . It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. But these dynamics may also arise for reasons other than maximizing efficacy and improving capital allocations to early-stage ventures. In more mature welfare states, the role of the public entrepreneur will be crucial in continuing to unlock the potential of citizens in the co-design and co=delivery of public services. A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions. We highlight two alternative explanations for such a pattern. Shibboleth / Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institutions website and Oxford Academic. Competition, trade, and sustainability in agriculture and food markets in Africa, The political economy of carbon border adjustment in the EU, From theory to practice: determining emissions in traded goods under a border carbon adjustment, Browse content in A - General Economics and Teaching, A11 - Role of Economics; Role of Economists; Market for Economists, A12 - Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines, A13 - Relation of Economics to Social Values, A2 - Economic Education and Teaching of Economics, Browse content in A2 - Economic Education and Teaching of Economics, B - History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches, Browse content in B - History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches, B1 - History of Economic Thought through 1925, Browse content in B1 - History of Economic Thought through 1925, B16 - History of Economic Thought: Quantitative and Mathematical, B2 - History of Economic Thought since 1925, Browse content in B2 - History of Economic Thought since 1925, B3 - History of Economic Thought: Individuals, Browse content in B3 - History of Economic Thought: Individuals, Browse content in B4 - Economic Methodology, Browse content in B5 - Current Heterodox Approaches, C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods, Browse content in C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods, C1 - Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General, Browse content in C1 - Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General, C14 - Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods: General, C15 - Statistical Simulation Methods: General, C2 - Single Equation Models; Single Variables, Browse content in C2 - Single Equation Models; Single Variables, C21 - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models; Quantile Regressions, C22 - Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models; Diffusion Processes, C23 - Panel Data Models; Spatio-temporal Models, C3 - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables, C4 - Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics, Browse content in C4 - Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics, Browse content in C5 - Econometric Modeling, C53 - Forecasting and Prediction Methods; Simulation Methods, C55 - Large Data Sets: Modeling and Analysis, C6 - Mathematical Methods; Programming Models; Mathematical and Simulation Modeling, Browse content in C6 - Mathematical Methods; Programming Models; Mathematical and Simulation Modeling, C61 - Optimization Techniques; Programming Models; Dynamic Analysis, C63 - Computational Techniques; Simulation Modeling, C68 - Computable General Equilibrium Models, Browse content in C7 - Game Theory and Bargaining Theory, C8 - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs, Browse content in C8 - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs, C81 - Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data; Data Access, Browse content in C9 - Design of Experiments, D01 - Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles, D02 - Institutions: Design, Formation, Operations, and Impact, D03 - Behavioral Microeconomics: Underlying Principles, D04 - Microeconomic Policy: Formulation; Implementation, and Evaluation, D1 - Household Behavior and Family Economics, Browse content in D1 - Household Behavior and Family Economics, D12 - Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis, Browse content in D2 - Production and Organizations, D23 - Organizational Behavior; Transaction Costs; Property Rights, D24 - Production; Cost; Capital; Capital, Total Factor, and Multifactor Productivity; Capacity, D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions, D4 - Market Structure, Pricing, and Design, Browse content in D4 - Market Structure, Pricing, and Design, D43 - Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection, D5 - General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium, Browse content in D5 - General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium, D58 - Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models, D61 - Allocative Efficiency; Cost-Benefit Analysis, D63 - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement, D7 - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making, Browse content in D7 - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making, D71 - Social Choice; Clubs; Committees; Associations, D72 - Political Processes: Rent-seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior, D73 - Bureaucracy; Administrative Processes in Public Organizations; Corruption, D74 - Conflict; Conflict Resolution; Alliances; Revolutions, D78 - Positive Analysis of Policy Formulation and Implementation, D8 - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty, Browse content in D8 - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty, D81 - Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty, D82 - Asymmetric and Private Information; Mechanism Design, D83 - Search; Learning; Information and Knowledge; Communication; Belief; Unawareness, D85 - Network Formation and Analysis: Theory, Browse content in D9 - Micro-Based Behavioral Economics, D91 - Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making, D92 - Intertemporal Firm Choice, Investment, Capacity, and Financing, E - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics, Browse content in E - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics, E01 - Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth; Environmental Accounts, Browse content in E1 - General Aggregative Models, E17 - Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications, E2 - Consumption, Saving, Production, Investment, Labor Markets, and Informal Economy, Browse content in E2 - Consumption, Saving, Production, Investment, Labor Markets, and Informal Economy, E22 - Investment; Capital; Intangible Capital; Capacity, E24 - Employment; Unemployment; Wages; Intergenerational Income Distribution; Aggregate Human Capital; Aggregate Labor Productivity, E25 - Aggregate Factor Income Distribution, E26 - Informal Economy; Underground Economy, E27 - Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications, E3 - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles, Browse content in E3 - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles, E37 - Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications, Browse content in E4 - Money and Interest Rates, E42 - Monetary Systems; Standards; Regimes; Government and the Monetary System; Payment Systems, E43 - Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects, E44 - Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy, E47 - Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications, E5 - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit, Browse content in E5 - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit, E51 - Money Supply; Credit; Money Multipliers, E6 - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook, Browse content in E6 - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook, E61 - Policy Objectives; Policy Designs and Consistency; Policy Coordination, E63 - Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy; Stabilization; Treasury Policy, E65 - Studies of Particular Policy Episodes, Browse content in F - International Economics, F02 - International Economic Order and Integration, F12 - Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies; Fragmentation, F13 - Trade Policy; International Trade Organizations, F16 - Trade and Labor Market Interactions, F2 - International Factor Movements and International Business, Browse content in F2 - International Factor Movements and International Business, F21 - International Investment; Long-Term Capital Movements, F23 - Multinational Firms; International Business, Browse content in F3 - International Finance, F32 - Current Account Adjustment; Short-Term Capital Movements, F33 - International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions, F34 - International Lending and Debt Problems, F36 - Financial Aspects of Economic Integration, F37 - International Finance Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications, F4 - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance, Browse content in F4 - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance, F42 - International Policy Coordination and Transmission, F47 - Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications, F5 - International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy, Browse content in F5 - International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy, F51 - International Conflicts; Negotiations; Sanctions, F52 - National Security; Economic Nationalism, F53 - International Agreements and Observance; International Organizations, F55 - International Institutional Arrangements, Browse content in F6 - Economic Impacts of Globalization, Browse content in G - Financial Economics, Browse content in G1 - General Financial Markets, G11 - Portfolio Choice; Investment Decisions, G12 - Asset Pricing; Trading volume; Bond Interest Rates, G13 - Contingent Pricing; Futures Pricing, G14 - Information and Market Efficiency; Event Studies; Insider Trading, G17 - Financial Forecasting and Simulation, Browse content in G2 - Financial Institutions and Services, G21 - Banks; Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages, G22 - Insurance; Insurance Companies; Actuarial Studies, G23 - Non-bank Financial Institutions; Financial Instruments; Institutional Investors, G24 - Investment Banking; Venture Capital; Brokerage; Ratings and Ratings Agencies, Browse content in G3 - Corporate Finance and Governance, G31 - Capital Budgeting; Fixed Investment and Inventory Studies; Capacity, G32 - Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure; Value of Firms; Goodwill, G34 - Mergers; Acquisitions; Restructuring; Corporate Governance, Browse content in H1 - Structure and Scope of Government, H11 - Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government, H13 - Economics of Eminent Domain; Expropriation; Nationalization, Browse content in H2 - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue, H23 - Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies, H24 - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies; includes inheritance and gift taxes, H3 - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents, Browse content in H3 - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents, Browse content in H4 - Publicly Provided Goods, H43 - Project Evaluation; Social Discount Rate, H44 - Publicly Provided Goods: Mixed Markets, H5 - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies, Browse content in H5 - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies, H52 - Government Expenditures and Education, H53 - Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs, H54 - Infrastructures; Other Public Investment and Capital Stock, H55 - Social Security and Public Pensions, Browse content in H6 - National Budget, Deficit, and Debt, H63 - Debt; Debt Management; Sovereign Debt, H68 - Forecasts of Budgets, Deficits, and Debt, H7 - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations, Browse content in H7 - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations, H71 - State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue, H73 - Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects, H75 - State and Local Government: Health; Education; Welfare; Public Pensions, H77 - Intergovernmental Relations; Federalism; Secession, Browse content in H8 - Miscellaneous Issues, H81 - Governmental Loans; Loan Guarantees; Credits; Grants; Bailouts, H83 - Public Administration; Public Sector Accounting and Audits, H87 - International Fiscal Issues; International Public Goods, Browse content in I - Health, Education, and Welfare, I18 - Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health, Browse content in I2 - Education and Research Institutions, I23 - Higher Education; Research Institutions, Browse content in I3 - Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty, I32 - Measurement and Analysis of Poverty, I38 - Government Policy; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs, Browse content in J - Labor and Demographic Economics, Browse content in J1 - Demographic Economics, J11 - Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts, J12 - Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family Structure; Domestic Abuse, J13 - Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth, J14 - Economics of the Elderly; Economics of the Handicapped; Non-Labor Market Discrimination, J15 - Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants; Non-labor Discrimination, J16 - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination, Browse content in J2 - Demand and Supply of Labor, J21 - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure, J24 - Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity, J28 - Safety; Job Satisfaction; Related Public Policy, J3 - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs, Browse content in J3 - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs, J31 - Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials, J33 - Compensation Packages; Payment Methods, Browse content in J4 - Particular Labor Markets, J44 - Professional Labor Markets; Occupational Licensing, J5 - Labor-Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining, Browse content in J5 - Labor-Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining, J6 - Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant Workers, Browse content in J6 - Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant Workers, J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility; Immigrant Workers, J62 - Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational Mobility, J64 - Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search, J65 - Unemployment Insurance; Severance Pay; Plant Closings, Browse content in J7 - Labor Discrimination, J8 - Labor Standards: National and International, Browse content in J8 - Labor Standards: National and International, Browse content in K1 - Basic Areas of Law, Browse content in K2 - Regulation and Business Law, Browse content in K3 - Other Substantive Areas of Law, K32 - Environmental, Health, and Safety Law, K4 - Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior, Browse content in K4 - Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior, K42 - Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law, Browse content in L - Industrial Organization, L1 - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance, Browse content in L1 - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance, L11 - Production, Pricing, and Market Structure; Size Distribution of Firms, L13 - Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets, L14 - Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation; Networks, L16 - Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change; Industrial Price Indices, L2 - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior, Browse content in L2 - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior, L22 - Firm Organization and Market Structure, L24 - Contracting Out; Joint Ventures; Technology Licensing, L25 - Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope, L3 - Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise, Browse content in L3 - Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise, L31 - Nonprofit Institutions; NGOs; Social Entrepreneurship, L33 - Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises and Nonprofit Institutions; Privatization; Contracting Out, Browse content in L4 - Antitrust Issues and Policies, L41 - Monopolization; Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices, L42 - Vertical Restraints; Resale Price Maintenance; Quantity Discounts, Browse content in L5 - Regulation and Industrial Policy, L52 - Industrial Policy; Sectoral Planning Methods, Browse content in L6 - Industry Studies: Manufacturing, L65 - Chemicals; Rubber; Drugs; Biotechnology, L7 - Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction, Browse content in L7 - Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction, L71 - Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels, Browse content in L8 - Industry Studies: Services, L81 - Retail and Wholesale Trade; e-Commerce, L86 - Information and Internet Services; Computer Software, L9 - Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities, Browse content in L9 - Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities, L92 - Railroads and Other Surface Transportation, M - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics, Browse content in M - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics, Browse content in M1 - Business Administration, M12 - Personnel Management; Executives; Executive Compensation, M14 - Corporate Culture; Social Responsibility, M16 - International Business Administration, Browse content in M4 - Accounting and Auditing, Browse content in M5 - Personnel Economics, M51 - Firm Employment Decisions; Promotions, N1 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Industrial Structure; Growth; Fluctuations, Browse content in N1 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Industrial Structure; Growth; Fluctuations, N10 - General, International, or Comparative, Browse content in N2 - Financial Markets and Institutions, N20 - General, International, or Comparative, N3 - Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, Religion, and Philanthropy, Browse content in N3 - Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, Religion, and Philanthropy, N4 - Government, War, Law, International Relations, and Regulation, N5 - Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries, Browse content in N5 - Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries, Browse content in N6 - Manufacturing and Construction, N60 - General, International, or Comparative, N7 - Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services, Browse content in N7 - Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services, N70 - General, International, or Comparative, Browse content in N9 - Regional and Urban History, O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth, Browse content in O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth, Browse content in O1 - Economic Development, O11 - Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development, O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development, O13 - Agriculture; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Other Primary Products, O14 - Industrialization; Manufacturing and Service Industries; Choice of Technology, O15 - Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration, O16 - Financial Markets; Saving and Capital Investment; Corporate Finance and Governance, O17 - Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements, O18 - Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis; Housing; Infrastructure, O19 - International Linkages to Development; Role of International Organizations, Browse content in O2 - Development Planning and Policy, O23 - Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development, O24 - Trade Policy; Factor Movement Policy; Foreign Exchange Policy, O3 - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights, Browse content in O3 - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights, O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives, O32 - Management of Technological Innovation and R&D, O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes, O34 - Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital, O4 - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity, Browse content in O4 - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity, O41 - One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models, O47 - Empirical Studies of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity; Cross-Country Output Convergence, Browse content in O5 - Economywide Country Studies, Browse content in P1 - Capitalist Systems, P2 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies, P3 - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions, Browse content in P3 - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions, P36 - Consumer Economics; Health; Education and Training; Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Poverty, Browse content in P4 - Other Economic Systems, P46 - Consumer Economics; Health; Education and Training; Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Poverty, P48 - Political Economy; Legal Institutions; Property Rights; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Regional Studies, Browse content in P5 - Comparative Economic Systems, P51 - Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems, Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics, Browse content in Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics, Q11 - Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis; Prices, Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing; Cooperatives; Agribusiness, Q15 - Land Ownership and Tenure; Land Reform; Land Use; Irrigation; Agriculture and Environment, Q2 - Renewable Resources and Conservation, Browse content in Q2 - Renewable Resources and Conservation, Q3 - Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation, Browse content in Q3 - Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation, Q32 - Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development, Q34 - Natural Resources and Domestic and International Conflicts, Browse content in Q5 - Environmental Economics, Q53 - Air Pollution; Water Pollution; Noise; Hazardous Waste; Solid Waste; Recycling, Q54 - Climate; Natural Disasters; Global Warming, Q56 - Environment and Development; Environment and Trade; Sustainability; Environmental Accounts and Accounting; Environmental Equity; Population Growth, Q57 - Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services; Biodiversity Conservation; Bioeconomics; Industrial Ecology, R - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics, Browse content in R - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics, Browse content in R1 - General Regional Economics, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, Environmental Issues, and Changes, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity, Browse content in R2 - Household Analysis, R23 - Regional Migration; Regional Labor Markets; Population; Neighborhood Characteristics, R3 - Real Estate Markets, Spatial Production Analysis, and Firm Location, Browse content in R3 - Real Estate Markets, Spatial Production Analysis, and Firm Location, R32 - Other Spatial Production and Pricing Analysis, Browse content in R4 - Transportation Economics, R41 - Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion; Travel Time; Safety and Accidents; Transportation Noise, R42 - Government and Private Investment Analysis; Road Maintenance; Transportation Planning, Browse content in R5 - Regional Government Analysis, R51 - Finance in Urban and Rural Economies, R53 - Public Facility Location Analysis; Public Investment and Capital Stock, R58 - Regional Development Planning and Policy, Browse content in Z - Other Special Topics, Z1 - Cultural Economics; Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology, Browse content in Z1 - Cultural Economics; Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology, Z13 - Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology; Social and Economic Stratification, B - History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox.
Walks On Holy Island Anglesey,
Are Jersey Numbers Qualitative Or Quantitative,
Articles P